Classical Abbreviations for Authors and Their Works

There are certain standard abbreviations used in connection with the authors and their works in Classics. While I generally spell out the names and works of ancient authors, it is not always possible. Besides, youll find the abbreviations elsewhere. The following is a list of the ancient, non-Biblical writers and their works that you are likely to encounter during your study of Classics. Ill elaborate the first sets of abbreviations and a few throughout the list that might be puzzling. Aesch. Ag.: Aeschylus, AgamemnonThe author comes first; his work comes next, so this abbreviation means Aeschylus, a tragic playwright, wrote a tragedy called Agamemnon.Aesch. Eum.: Aeschylus, EumenidesAesch. Lib.: Aeschylus, Libation BearersAesch. PB: Aeschylus, Prometheus BoundAesch. Pers.: Aeschylus, PersiansAesch. Seven: Aeschylus, Seven Against ThebesAesch. Supp.: Aeschylus, Suppliant MaidensAeschin. 1: Aeschines, Against TimarchusAeschin. 2: Aeschines, On the EmbassyAeschin. 3: Aeschines, Against CtesiphonAmm.: Ammianus Marcellinus, Rerum GestarumAndoc. 1: Andocides, On the MysteriesAndoc. 2: Andocides, On his ReturnAndoc. 3: Andocides, On the PeaceAndoc. 4: Andocides, Against AlcibiadesAntiph. 1: Antiphon, Against the Stepmother for PoisoningAntiph. 2: Antiphon, First TetralogyAntiph. 3: Antiphon, Second TetralogyAntiph. 4: Antiphon, Third TetralogyAntiph. 5: Antiphon, On the murder of HerodesAntiph. 6: Antiphon, On the ChoreutesApollod.: Pseudo-Apollodorus, LibraryApollod. Ep it.: Pseudo-Apollodorus, EpitomeApollon.: Apollonius Rhodius, ArgonauticaNothing besides the Argonautica is attributed to Apollonius.App. BC: Appian, Civil WarsBC stands for bellum civile which means civil war.App. Gall.: Appian, Gallic HistoryApp. Hann.: Appian, Hannibalic WarApp. Hisp.: Appian, Wars in SpainApp. Ill.: Appian, Illyrian WarsApp. Ital.: Appian, ItalyApp. Mac.: Appian, Macedonian AffairsApp. Mith.: Appian, Mithridatic WarsApp. Praef.: Appian, PrefacePraef. is short for Praefatio which means preface.App. Pun.: Appian, Punic WarsApp. Reg.: Appian, KingsApp. Sam.: Appian, Samnite HistoryApp. Sic.: Appian, Sicily and the Other IslandsApp. Syr.: Appian, Syrian WarsAret. CA: Aretaeus, De curatione acutorum morborum libri duoAret. CD: Aretaeus, De curatione diuturnorum morborum libri duoAret. SA: Aretaeus, De causis et signis acutorum morborum (lib. 1)Aret. SD: Aretaeus, De causis et signis acutorum morborum (lib. 2)Aristoph. Ach.: Aristophanes, AcharniansAristoph. Birds: Ar istophanes, BirdsAristoph. Cl.: Aristophanes, CloudsAristoph. Eccl.: Aristophanes, EcclesiazusaeAristoph. Frogs: Aristophanes, FrogsAristoph. Kn.: Aristophanes, KnightsAristoph. Lys.: Aristophanes, LysistrataAristoph. Peace: Aristophanes, PeaceAristoph. Pl.: Aristophanes, PlutusAristoph. Thes.: Aristophanes, ThesmophoriazusaeAristoph. Wasps: Aristophanes, WaspsAristot. Ath. Pol.: Aristotle, Constitution of the AtheniansAristot. Const. Ath.: Aristotle, Constitution of the AtheniansAristot. Econ.: Aristotle, EconomicsAristot. Eud. Eth.: Aristotle, Eudemian EthicsAristot. Met.: Aristotle, MetaphysicsAristot. Nic. Eth.: Aristotle, Nicomachean EthicsAristot. Poet.: Aristotle, PoeticsAristot. Pol.: Aristotle, PoliticsAristot. Rh.: Aristotle, RhetoricAristot. Vir.: Aristotle, Virtues and VicesAug. Anc.: Augustus, Res GestaeThe name of the work by Augustus is given as both Monumentum Ancyranum and Res Gestae Divi Augusti.Aug. RG: Augustus, Res GestaeBacchyl. Dith.: Bacchylides, DithyrambsBa cchyl. Ep.: Bacchylides, EpiniciansBoe. Cons.: Boethius, Consolation of PhilosophyCaes. Civ.: Caesar, Civil WarCaes. Gal.: Caesar, Gallic WarCall. Ap.: Callimachus, Hymn to ApolloCall. Cer.: Callimachus, Hymn to DemeterCall. Del.: Callimachus, Hymn to DelosCall. Dem.: Callimachus, Hymn to DemeterCall. Dian.: Callimachus, Hymn to ArtemisCall. Epigr.: Callimachus, EpigramsCall. H. 1: Callimachus, Hymn to ZeusCall. H. 2: Callimachus, Hymn to ApolloCall. H. 3: Callimachus, Hymn to ArtemisCall. H. 4: Callimachus, Hymn to DelosCall. H. 5: Callimachus, Hymn to AthenaCall. H. 6: Callimachus, Hymn to DemeterCall. Jov.: Callimachus, Hymn to ZeusCall. Lav.: Callimachus, Hymn to AthenaCatul.: Catullus, PoemsCels.: A. Cornelius Celsus, De MedicinaCic. Ac.: Cicero, AcademicaCic. Agr.: Cicero, On the Agrarian LawCic. Amic.: Cicero, De AmicitiaCic. Arch.: Cicero, For ArchiasCic. Att.: Cicero, Letters to AtticusCic. Balb.: Cicero, For Cornelius BalbusCic. Caec.: Cicero, For Aulus CaecinaCic. Cael.: Cicero, For Marcus CaeliusCic. Catil.: Cicero, Against CatilineCic. Clu.: Cicero, For Aulus CluentiusCic. Deiot.: Cicero, For King DeiotariusCic. Div.: Cicero, De DivinationeCic. Div. Caec.: Cicero, Divinatio against Q. CaeciliusCic. Dom.: Cicero, On his HouseCic. Fam.: Cicero, Letters to his FriendsCic. Fat.: Cicero, De FatoCic. Fin.: Cicero, de Finibus Bonorum et MalorumCic. Flac.: Cicero, For FlaccusCic. Font.: Cicero, For Marcus FonteiusCic. Har.: Cicero, On the Responses of the HaruspicesCic. Leg.: Cicero, De LegibusCic. Lig.: Cicero, For LigariusCic. Luc.: Cicero, LucullusCic. Man.: Cicero, On Pompeys CommandCic. Marc.: Cicero, For MarcellusCic. Mil.: Cicero, For MiloCic. Mur.: Cicero, For Lucius MurenaCic. N.D.: Cicero, de Natura DeorumCic. Off.: Cicero, De OfficiisCic. Parad.: Cicero, Paradoxa StoicorumCic. Phil.: Cicero, PhilippicsCic. Pis.: Cicero, Against PisoCic. Planc.: Cicero, For PlanciusCic. Prov.: Cicero, On the Consular ProvincesCic. Q. Rosc.: Cicero, For Quintus R oscius the ActorCic. Q. fr.: Cicero, Letters to his brother QuintusCic. Quinct.: Cicero, For Publius QuinctiusCic. Rab. Perd.: Cicero, For Rabirius on a Charge of TreasonCic. Rab. Post.: Cicero, For Rabirius PostumusCic. Red. Pop.: Cicero, To the Citizens after his ReturnCic. Red. Sen.: Cicero, In the Senate after his ReturnCic. Rep.: Cicero, De RepublicaCic. S. Rosc.: Cicero, For Sextus Roscius of AmeriaCic. Scaur.: Cicero, For Aemilius ScaurusCic. Sen.: Cicero, De SenectuteCic. Sest.: Cicero, For SestiusCic. Sul.: Cicero, For SullaCic. Tul.: Cicero, For Marcus TulliusCic. Tusc.: Cicero, Tusculanae DisputationesCic. Vat.: Cicero, Against VatiniusCic. Ver.: Cicero, Against VerresCic. ad Brut.: Cicero, Letters to BrutusCic. de Orat.: Cicero, On OratoryD. L.: Diogenes Laertius, Vitae philosophorumDem. 1: Demosthenes, Olynthiac 1Dem. 10: Demosthenes, Philippic 4Dem. 11: Demosthenes, Reply to PhilipDem. 12: Demosthenes, PhilipDem. 13: Demosthenes, On OrganizationDem. 14: Demosthenes, On the NavyDem. 15: Demosthenes, On the Liberty of the RhodiansDem. 16: Demosthenes, For the MegalopolitansDem. 17: Demosthenes, On the Accession of AlexanderDem. 18: Demosthenes, On the CrownDem. 19: Demosthenes, On the False EmbassyDem. 2: Demosthenes, Olynthiac 2Dem. 20: Demosthenes, Against LeptinesDem. 21: Demosthenes, Against MidiasDem. 22: Demosthenes, Against AndrotionDem. 23: Demosthenes, Against AristocratesDem. 24: Demosthenes, Against TimocratesDem. 25: Demosthenes, Against Aristogiton 1Dem. 26: Demosthenes, Against Aristogiton 2Dem. 27: Demosthenes, Against Aphobus 1Dem. 28: Demosthenes, Against Aphobus 2Dem. 29: Demosthenes, Against AphobusDem. 3: Demosthenes, Olynthiac 3Dem. 30: Demosthenes, Against OntenorDem. 31: Demosthenes, Against OntenorDem. 32: Demosthenes, Against ZenothemisDem. 33: Demosthenes, Against ApatouriusDem. 34: Demosthenes, Against PhormioDem. 35: Demosthenes, Against LacritusDem. 36: Demosthenes, For PhormioDem. 37: Demosthenes, Against PantaenetusDe m. 38: Demosthenes, Against Nausimachus and XenopeithesDem. 39: Demosthenes, Against Boeotus 1Dem. 4: Demosthenes, Philippic 1Dem. 40: Demosthenes, Against Boeotus 2Dem. 41: Demosthenes, Against SpudiasDem. 42: Demosthenes, Against PhaenippusDem. 43: Demosthenes, Against MacartatusDem. 44: Demosthenes, Against LeocharesDem. 45: Demosthenes, Against Stephanus 1Dem. 46: Demosthenes, Against Stephanus 2Dem. 47: Demosthenes, Against Evergus and MnesibulusDem. 48: Demosthenes, Against OlympiodorusDem. 49: Demosthenes, Against TimotheusDem. 5: Demosthenes, On the PeaceDem. 50: Demosthenes, Against PolyclesDem. 51: Demosthenes, On the Trierarchic CrownDem. 52: Demosthenes, Against CallippusDem. 53: Demosthenes, Against NicostratusDem. 54: Demosthenes, Against CononDem. 55: Demosthenes, Against CalliclesDem. 56: Demosthenes, Against DionysodorusDem. 57: Demosthenes, Against EubulidesDem. 58: Demosthenes, Against TheocrinesDem. 59: Demosthenes, Against NeaeraDem. 6: Demosthenes, Philippic 2D em. 60: Demosthenes, Funeral SpeechDem. 61: Demosthenes, Erotic EssayDem. 7: Demosthenes, On the HalonnesusDem. 8: Demosthenes, On the ChersoneseDem. 9: Demosthenes, Philippic 3Dem. Ex.: Demosthenes, ExordiaDem. L.: Demosthenes, LettersDemad. 1: Demades, On the Twelve YearsDin. 1: Dinarchus, Against DemosthenesDin. 2: Dinarchus, Against AristogitonDin. 3: Dinarchus, Against PhiloclesDiod.: Diodorus, Historical LibraryEuc.: Euclid, ElementsEur. Alc.: Euripides, AlcestisEur. Andr.: Euripides, AndromacheEur. Ba.: Euripides, BacchaeEur. Cycl.: Euripides, CyclopsEur. El.: Euripides, ElectraEur. Hec.: Euripides, HecubaEur. Hel.: Euripides, HelenEur. Her.: Euripides, HeraclesEur. Heraclid.: Euripides, HeraclidaeEur. Hipp.: Euripides, HippolytusEur. IA: Euripides, Iphigeneia in AulisEur. IT: Euripides, Iphigeneia in TaurusEur. Ion: Euripides, IonEur. Med.: Euripides, MedeaEur. Orest.: Euripides, OrestesEur. Phoen.: Euripides, Phoenician WomenEur. Rh.: Euripides, RhesusEur. Supp.: Euripides, SuppliantsEur. Tro.: Euripides, Trojan WomenGal. Nat. Fac.: Galen, De naturalibus facultatibusGel.: Gellius, Noctes AtticaeHH 1: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 1 to DionysusHH 10: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 10 to AphroditeHH 11: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 11 to AthenaHH 12: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 12 to HeraHH 13: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 13 to DemeterHH 14: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 14 to the Mother of the GodsHH 15: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 15 to HeraclesHH 16: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 16 to AsclepiusHH 17: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 17 to the DioscuriHH 18: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 18 to HermesHH 19: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 19 to PanHH 2: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 2 to DemeterHH 20: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 20 to HephaestusHH 21: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 21 to ApolloHH 22: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 22 to PoseidonHH 23: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 23 to ZeusHH 24: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 24 to HestiaHH 25: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 25 to the Muses and ApolloHH 26: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 26 to DionysusHH 27: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 27 to ArtemisHH 28: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 28 to AthenaHH 29: H omeric Hymns, Hymn 29 to HestiaHH 3: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 3 to ApolloHH 30: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 30 to EarthHH 31: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 31 to HeliosHH 32: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 32 to SeleneHH 33: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 33 to the DioscuriHH 4: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 4 to HermesHH 5: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 5 to AphroditeHH 6: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 6 to AphroditeHH 7: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 7 to DionysusHH 8: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 8 to AresHH 9: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 9 to ArtemisHdt.: Herodotus, HistoriesHes. Sh.: Hesiod, Shield of HeraclesHes. Th.: Hesiod, TheogonyHes. WD: Hesiod, Works and DaysHirt. Gal.: Caesar, Gallic WarHom. Il.: Homer, IliadHom. Od.: Homer, OdysseyHor. Ars: Horace, Ars PoeticaHor. Carm.: Horace, OdesHor. S.: Horace, SatiresHp. Acut.: Hippocrates, De diaeta in morbis acutisHp. Acut. Sp.: Hippocrates, De diaeta acutorumHp. Aer.: Hippocrates, De aere aquis et locisHp. Alim.: Hippocrates, De alimentoHp. Aph.: Hippocrates, AphorismiHp. Art.: Hippocrates, De articulisHp. Epid.: Hippocrates, De morbis popularibusHp. Fist.: Hippocrates, De fistulisHp. Fract.: Hippocrates, De fracturisHp. Haem.: Hippocrates, De haemorrhoidibusHp. Jusj.: Hippocrates, JusjurandumHp. Lex: Hippocrates, LexHp. Mochl.: Hippocrates, VectiariusHp. Morb. Sacr.: Hippocrates, De morbo sacroHp. Off.: Hippocrates, De officina mediciHp. Praec.: Hippocrates, PraeceptionesHp. Prog.: Hippocrates, PrognosticonHp. Ulc.: Hippocrates, De ulceribusHp. VC: Hippocrates, De capitis vulneribusHp. VM: Hippocrates, De prisca medicinaHyp. 1: Hyperides, In Defence of LycophronHyp. 2: Hyperides, Against PhilippidesHyp. 3: Hyperides, Against AthenogenesHyp. 4: Hyperides, In Defence of EuxenippusHyp. 5: Hyperides, Against DemosthenesHyp. 6: Hyperides, Funeral OrationIsaeus 1: Isaeus, CleonymusIsaeus 10: Isaeus, AristarchusIsaeus 11: Isaeus, HagniasIsaeus 12: Isaeus, EuphiletusIsaeus 2: Isaeus, MeneclesIsaeus 3: Isaeus, PyrrhusIsaeus 4: Isaeus, NicostratusIsaeus 5: Isaeus, DicaeogenesIsaeus 6: Isaeus, PhiloctemonIsaeus 7: Isaeus, ApollodorusIsaeus 8: Isaeus, CironIsaeus 9: Isaeus, AstyphilusIsoc. 1: Isocrates, To DemonicusIsoc. 10: Isocrates, HelenIsoc. 11: Isocrates, BusirisIsoc. 12: Isocrates, PanathenaicusIsoc. 13: Isocrates, Against the SophistsIsoc. 14: Isocrates, PlataicusIsoc. 15: Isocrates, AntidosisIsoc. 16: Isocrates, On the team of horsesIsoc. 17: Isocrates, TrapeziticusIsoc. 18: Isocrates, Against CallimachusIsoc. 19: Isocrates, AegineticusIsoc. 2: Isocrates, To NicoclesIsoc. 20: Isocrates, Against LochitesIsoc. 21: Isocrates, Against EuthynusIsoc. 3: Isocrates, Nicocles or the CypriansIsoc. 4: Isocrates, PanegyricusIsoc. 5: Isocrates, To PhilipIsoc. 6: Isocrates, ArchidamusIsoc. 7: Isocrates, AreopagiticusIsoc. 8: Isocrates, On the PeaceIsoc. 9: Isocrates, EvagorasIsoc. L. 1: Isocrates, Ad DionysiumIsoc. L. 2: Isocrates, Ad PhilippumIsoc. L. 3: Isocrates, Ad PhilippumIsoc. L. 4: Isocrates, Ad AntipatrumIsoc. L. 5: Isocrates, Ad AlexandrumIsoc. L. 6: Isocrates, Ad filios JasonisIsoc. L. 7: Isocrates, Ad TimotheumIsoc. L. 8: Isocrates, Ad reges MytilenaeosIsoc. L. 9: Isocrates, Ad ArchidamumJ. AJ: Flavius Josephus, Jewish AntiquitiesJ. Ap.: Flavius Josephus, Against ApionJ. BJ: Flavius Josephus, The Jewish WarJ. Vit.: Flavius Josephus, Life of JosephusLSJ: Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English LexiconLiv. 1: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 1Liv. 10: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 10Liv. 11: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 11, SummaryLiv. 12: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 12, SummaryLiv. 13: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 13, SummaryLiv. 14: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 14, SummaryLiv. 15: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 15, SummaryLiv. 16: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 16, SummaryLiv. 17: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 17, SummaryLiv. 18: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 18, SummaryLiv. 19: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 19, SummaryLiv. 2: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 2Liv. 20: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 20, SummaryLiv. 21: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 21Liv. 22: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 22Liv. 23: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 23Liv. 24: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 24Liv. 25: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 25Liv. 26: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 26Liv. 27: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 27Liv. 28: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 28Liv. 29: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 29Liv. 3: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 3Liv. 30: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 30Liv. 31: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 31Liv. 32: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 32Liv. 33: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 33Liv. 34: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 34Liv. 35: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 35Liv. 36: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 36Liv. 37: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 37Liv. 38: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 38Liv. 39: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 39Liv. 4: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 4Liv. 40: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 40Liv. 41: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 41Liv. 42: Livy, The History of R ome, Book 42Liv. 43: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 43Liv. 44: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 44Liv. 45: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 45Liv. 5: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 5Liv. 6: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 6Liv. 7: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 7Liv. 8: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 8Liv. 9: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 9Liv. Frag.: Livy, The History of Rome, FragmentsLuc.: Lucan, Civil WarLucr.: Lucretius, De Rerum NaturaLyc. 1: Lycurgus, Against LeocratesLys. 1: Lysias, On the Murder of EratosthenesLys. 10: Lysias, Against Theomnestus 1Lys. 11: Lysias, Against Theomnestus 2Lys. 12: Lysias, Against EratosthenesLys. 13: Lysias, Against AgoratusLys. 14: Lysias, Against Alcibiades 1Lys. 15: Lysias, Against Alcibiades 2Lys. 16: Lysias, For MantitheusLys. 17: Lysias, On the Property of EratonLys. 18: Lysias, On the Confiscation of the Property of the Brother of NiciasLys. 19: Lysias, On the Property of AristophanesLys. 2: Lysias, Funeral OrationLys. 20: Lysias, Fo r PolystratusLys. 21: Lysias, Defence against a Charge of Taking BribesLys. 22: Lysias, Against the Corn DealersLys. 23: Lysias, Against PancleonLys. 24: Lysias, On the Refusal of a PensionLys. 25: Lysias, Defence against a Charge of subverting the DemocracyLys. 26: Lysias, On the Scrutiny of EvandrosLys. 27: Lysias, Against Epicrates and his Fellow EnvoysLys. 28: Lysias, Against ErgoclesLys. 29: Lysias, Against PhilocratesLys. 3: Lysias, Against SimonLys. 30: Lysias, Against NicomachusLys. 31: Lysias, Against PhilonLys. 32: Lysias, Against DiogeitonLys. 33: Lysias, Olympic OrationLys. 34: Lysias, Against the Subversion of the Ancestral Constitution of AthensLys. 4: Lysias, On a Wound by PremeditationLys. 5: Lysias, For CalliasLys. 6: Lysias, Against AndocidesLys. 7: Lysias, On the Olive StumpLys. 8: Lysias, Accusation of CalumnyLys. 9: Lysias, For the SoldierNep. Ag.: Cornelius Nepos, AgesilausNep. Alc.: Cornelius Nepos, AlcibiadesNep. Ar.: Cornelius Nepos, AristidesNep. Att.: Corn elius Nepos, AtticusNep. Ca.: Cornelius Nepos, CatoNep. Cha.: Cornelius Nepos, ChabriasNep. Cim.: Cornelius Nepos, CimonNep. Con.: Cornelius Nepos, CononNep. Dat.: Cornelius Nepos, DatamesNep. Di.: Cornelius Nepos, DionNep. Ep.: Cornelius Nepos, EpaminondasNep. Eum.: Cornelius Nepos, EumenesNep. Ham.: Cornelius Nepos, HamilcarNep. Han.: Cornelius Nepos, HannibalNep. Iph.: Cornelius Nepos, IphicratesNep. Lys.: Cornelius Nepos, LysanderNep. Milt.: Cornelius Nepos, MiltiadesNep. Paus.: Cornelius Nepos, PausaniasNep. Pel.: Cornelius Nepos, PelopidasNep. Phoc.: Cornelius Nepos, PhocionNep. Reg.: Cornelius Nepos, KingsNep. Them.: Cornelius Nepos, ThemistoclesNep. Thr.: Cornelius Nepos, ThrasybulusNep. Timol.: Cornelius Nepos, TimoleonNep. Timoth.: Cornelius Nepos, TimotheusOv. Am.: Ovid, AmoresOv. Ars: Ovid, Ars AmatoriaOv. Ep.: Ovid, EpistulaeOv. Ep. Sapph.: Ovid, EpistulaeOv. Med.: Ovid, Medicamina Faciei FemineaeOv. Met.: Ovid, MetamorphosesOv. Rem.: Ovid, Remedia AmorisPaus.: Pausania s, Description of GreecePetr.: Petronius, SatyriconPetr. Fr.: Petronius, FragmentsPetr. Poems: Petronius, PoemsPhaed.: Phaedrus, FablesPind. I.: Pindar, IsthmeanPind. N.: Pindar, NemeanPind. O.: Pindar, OlympianPind. P.: Pindar, PythianPl. Am.: Plautus, AmphitruoPl. As.: Plautus, AsinariaPl. Aul.: Plautus, AululariaPl. Bac.: Plautus, BacchidesPl. Capt.: Plautus, CaptiviPl. Cas.: Plautus, CasinaPl. Cist.: Plautus, CistellariaPl. Cur.: Plautus, CurculioPl. Epid.: Plautus, EpidicusPl. Men.: Plautus, MenaechmiPl. Mer.: Plautus, MercatorPl. Mil.: Plautus, Miles GloriosusPl. Mos.: Plautus, MostellariaPl. Per.: Plautus, PersaPl. Poen.: Plautus, PoenulusPl. Ps.: Plautus, PseudolusPl. Rud.: Plautus, RudensPl. St.: Plautus, StichusPl. Trin.: Plautus, TrinummusPl. Truc.: Plautus, TruculentusPl. Vid.: Plautus, VidulariaPlat. Alc. 1: Plato, Alcibiades 1Plat. Alc. 2: Plato, Alcibiades 2Plat. Apol.: Plato, ApologyPlat. Charm.: Plato, CharmidesPlat. Cleit.: Plato, CleitophonPlat. Crat.: Plato, Crat ylusPlat. Criti.: Plato, CritiasPlat. Crito: Plato, CritoPlat. Epin.: Plato, EpinomisPlat. Euthyd.: Plato, EuthydemusPlat. Euthyph.: Plato, EuthyphroPlat. Gorg.: Plato, GorgiasPlat. Hipp. Maj.: Plato, Greater HippiasPlat. Hipp. Min.: Plato, Lesser HippiasPlat. Hipparch.: Plato, HipparchusPlat. Ion: Plato, IonPlat. L.: Plato, LettersPlat. Lach.: Plato, LachesPlat. Laws: Plato, LawsPlat. Lovers: Plato, LoversPlat. Lysis: Plato, LysisPlat. Menex.: Plato, MenexenusPlat. Meno: Plato, MenoPlat. Minos: Plato, MinosPlat. Parm.: Plato, ParmenidesPlat. Phaedo: Plato, PhaedoPlat. Phaedrus: Plato, PhaedrusPlat. Phileb.: Plato, PhilebusPlat. Prot.: Plato, ProtagorasPlat. Rep.: Plato, RepublicPlat. Soph.: Plato, SophistPlat. Stat.: Plato, StatesmanPlat. Sym.: Plato, SymposiumPlat. Theaet.: Plato, TheaetetusPlat. Theag.: Plato, TheagesPlat. Tim.: Plato, TimaeusPlb.: Polybius, HistoriesPlin. Ep.: Pliny the Younger, EpistulaePlin. Nat.: Pliny the Elder, Naturalis HistoriaPlut. Aem.: Plutarch, Aemili us PaullusPlut. Ages.: Plutarch, AgesilausPlut. Agis: Plutarch, AgisPlut. Alc.: Plutarch, AlcibiadesPlut. Alex.: Plutarch, AlexanderPlut. Ant.: Plutarch, AntoniusPlut. Arat.: Plutarch, AratusPlut. Arist.: Plutarch, AristeidesPlut. Art.: Plutarch, ArtaxerxesPlut. Brut.: Plutarch, BrutusPlut. CG: Plutarch, Gaius GracchusPlut. Caes.: Plutarch, CaesarPlut. Cam.: Plutarch, CamillusPlut. Cat. Ma.: Plutarch, Marcus CatoPlut. Cat. Mi.: Plutarch, Cato MinorPlut. Cic.: Plutarch, CiceroPlut. Cim.: Plutarch, CimonPlut. Cleom.: Plutarch, CleomenesPlut. Comp. Ag. Gracch.: Plutarch, Comparison of Agis and Cleomenes and the GracchiPlut. Comp. Ages. Pomp.: Plutarch, Comparison of Agesilaus and PompeyPlut. Comp. Alc. Cor.: Plutarch, Comparison of Alcibiades and CoriolanusPlut. Comp. Aristid. Cat.: Plutarch, Comparison of Aristides with Marcus CatoPlut. Comp. Cim. Luc.: Plutarch, Comparison of Lucullus and CimonPlut. Comp. Dem. Cic.: Plutarch, Comparison of Demosthenes with CiceroPlut. Comp. Demetr. A nt.: Plutarch, Comparison of Demetrius and AntonyPlut. Comp. Dion. Brut.: Plutarch, Comparison of Dion and BrutusPlut. Comp. Eum. Sert.: Plutarch, Comparison of Sertorius and EumenesPlut. Comp. Lyc. Num.: Plutarch, Comparison of Lycurgus and NumaPlut. Comp. Lys. Sull.: Plutarch, Comparison of Lysander and SullaPlut. Comp. Nic. Crass.: Plutarch, Comparison of Nicias and CrassusPlut. Comp. Pel. Marc.: Plutarch, Comparison of Pelopidas and MarcellusPlut. Comp. Per. Fab.: Plutarch, Comparison of Pericles and Fabius MaximusPlut. Comp. Phil. Flam.: Plutarch, Comparison of Philopoemen and TitusPlut. Comp. Sol. Publ.: Plutarch, Comparison of Solon and PublicolaPlut. Comp. Thes. Rom.: Plutarch, Comparison of Theseus and RomulusPlut. Comp. Tim. Aem. : Plutarch, Comparison of Timoleon and AemiliusPlut. Cor.: Plutarch, Caius Marcius CoriolanusPlut. Crass.: Plutarch, CrassusPlut. Dem.: Plutarch, DemosthenesPlut. Demetr.: Plutarch, DemetriusPlut. Dio: Plutarch, DionPlut. Eum.: Plutarch, EumenesPl ut. Fab.: Plutarch, Fabius MaximusPlut. Flam.: Plutarch, Titus FlamininusPlut. Galb.: Plutarch, GalbaPlut. Luc.: Plutarch, LucullusPlut. Lyc.: Plutarch, LycurgusPlut. Lys.: Plutarch, LysanderPlut. Mar.: Plutarch, Caius MariusPlut. Marc.: Plutarch, MarcellusPlut. Nic.: Plutarch, NiciasPlut. Num.: Plutarch, NumaPlut. Oth.: Plutarch, OthoPlut. Pel.: Plutarch, PelopidasPlut. Per.: Plutarch, PericlesPlut. Phil.: Plutarch, PhilopoemenPlut. Phoc.: Plutarch, PhocionPlut. Pomp.: Plutarch, PompeyPlut. Publ.: Plutarch, PublicolaPlut. Pyrrh.: Plutarch, PyrrhusPlut. Rom.: Plutarch, RomulusPlut. Sert.: Plutarch, SertoriusPlut. Sol.: Plutarch, SolonPlut. Sull.: Plutarch, SullaPlut. TG: Plutarch, Tiberius GracchusPlut. Them.: Plutarch, ThemistoclesPlut. Thes.: Plutarch, TheseusPlut. Tim.: Plutarch, TimoleonProp.: Sextus Propertius, ElegiesPs. Xen. Const. Ath.: Old Oligarch, Constitution of the AtheniansQuint. Inst. 1: Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, Book 1Quint. Inst. 10: Quintilian, Institutio Or atoria, Book 10Quint. Inst. 11: Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, Book 11Quint. Inst. 12: Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, Book 12Quint. Inst. 2: Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, Book 2Quint. Inst. 3: Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, Book 3Quint. Inst. 4: Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, Book 4Quint. Inst. 5: Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, Book 5Quint. Inst. 6: Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, Book 6Quint. Inst. 7: Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, Book 7Quint. Inst. 8: Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, Book 8Quint. Inst. 9: Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, Book 9Quint. Inst. Pref.: Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, PrefaceSal. Cat.: Sallust, Catilinae ConiuratioSal. Hist.: Sallust, HistoriaeSal. Jug.: Sallust, Bellum IugurthinumSen. Ag.: Seneca, AgamemnonSen. Apoc.: Seneca, ApocolocyntosisSen. Ben.: Seneca, de BeneficiisSen. Brev. Vit.: Seneca, de Brevitate VitaeSen. Cl.: Seneca, de ClementiaSen. Cons. Helv.: Seneca, de consolatione ad HelviamSen. Cons. Marc.: Seneca, de consolatione ad MarciamSen. Cons. Polyb.: Seneca, de consolatione ad PolybiumSen. Cons. Sap.: Seneca, de ConstantiaSen. Const.: Seneca, de ConstantiaSen. Ep.: Seneca, EpistulaeSen. Her. F.: Seneca, Hercules FurensSen. Her. O.: Seneca, Hercules OetaeusSen. Ira: Seneca, de IraSen. Med.: Seneca, MedeaSen. Oct.: Seneca, OctaviaSen. Oed.: Seneca, OedipusSen. Ot. Sap.: Seneca, de Otio SapientisSen. Phaed.: Seneca, PhaedraSen. Phoen.: Seneca, PhoenissaeSen. Prov.: Seneca, de ProvidentiaSen. Thy.: Seneca, ThyestesSen. Tranq.: Seneca, de Tranquilitate AnimiSen. Tro.: Seneca, TroadesSen. Vit. Beat.: Seneca, de Vita BeataServ. A.: Servius, Commentary on the Aeneid of VergilSoph. Aj.: Sophocles, AjaxSoph. Ant.: Sophocles, AntigoneSoph. El.: Sophocles, ElectraSoph. Ich.: Sophocles, IchneutaeSoph. OC: Sophocles, Oedipus at ColonusSoph. OT: Sophocles, Oedipus TyrannusSoph. Phil.: Sophocles, PhiloctetesSoph. Trach.: Sophocles, TrachiniaeStrab.: Strabo, GeographySuet. Aug.: Suetonius, Divus AugustusSuet. Cal.: Suetonius, CaligulaSuet. Cl.: Suetonius, Divus ClaudiusSuet. Dom.: Suetonius, DomitianusSuet. Gal.: Suetonius, GalbaSuet. Jul.: Suetonius, Divus JuliusSuet. Nero: Suetonius, NeroSuet. Otho: Suetonius, OthoSuet. Tib.: Suetonius, TiberiusSuet. Tit.: Suetonius, Divus TitusSuet. Ves.: Suetonius, Divus VespasianusSuet. Vit.: Suetonius, VitelliusSulpicia: Sulpicia, PoemsTac. Ag.: Tacitus, AgricolaTac. Ann.: Tacitus, AnnalesTac. Dial.: Tacitus, DialogusTac. Ger.: Tacitus, GermaniaTac. Hist.: Tacitus, HistoriaeTer. Ad.: Terence, The BrothersTer. An.: Terence, AndriaTer. Eu.: Terence, The EunuchTer. Hau.: Terence, The Self-TormenterTer. Hec.: Terence, The Mother-in-LawTer. Ph.: Terence, PhormioTheoc.: Theocritus, IdyllsTheoc. Ep.: Theocritus, EpigramsTheoc. Id.: Theocritus, IdyllsThphr. Char.: Theophrastus, CharactersThuc.: Thucydides, HistoriesV. Fl.: C. Valerius Flaccus, ArgonauticaVerg. A.: Vergil, AeneidVerg. Ecl.: Vergil, EcloguesVerg. G.: Vergil, GeorgicsVitr.: Vitruvius, On Architectu reXen. Ages.: Xenophon, AgesilausXen. Anab.: Xenophon, AnabasisXen. Apol.: Xenophon, ApologyXen. Cav.: Xenophon, On the Cavalry CommanderXen. Const. Lac.: Xenophon, Constitution of the LacedaimoniansXen. Cyrop.: Xenophon, CyropaediaXen. Ec.: Xenophon, EconomicsXen. Hell.: Xenophon, HellenicaXen. Hiero: Xenophon, HieroXen. Horse.: Xenophon, On the Art of HorsemanshipXen. Hunt.: Xenophon, On HuntingXen. Mem.: Xenophon, MemorabiliaXen. Sym.: Xenophon, SymposiumXen. Ways: Xenophon, Ways and Means Source: Perseus.

One Small Pill for Womankind One Big Dose for the U.S.

Gregory Goodwin Pincus created the birth control pill stimulating a new tidal wave of women’s rights movements. From one small pill, new channels that were once dammed to a trickle became a mighty flood again. With the ability to prevent pregnancy without risking a dangerous abortion women found the strength to fight against male-dominated areas that were still left untouched from the first series of movements by their predecessors. From how long they were involved in the workforce to stepping up for their rights and changing laws, women came alive with a renewed ferocity with just one small pill. Once the pill, a reliable option, to prevent pregnancy was there women took hold of it in massive numbers. In 1957 the pill was approved â€Å"for†¦show more content†¦Without the chance of pregnancy, they made the change to go back to work. These effects are seen in the numbers by the recorded percentile change in women within the workforce from 1960 to 1970. In 1960, wome n working during childbearing years (25-34) rose an entire two percent, working through the rearing years (35-44) increased by 4.3 and the women returning work after motherhood (45-54) swelled to twelve percent (â€Å"Labor Force†). These were significant changes but the one’s that came with the pill when it was deemed safer were even more extraordinary from 1970 to 1980. In 1970, close to half of women (45%) were working through the time that was deemed fit for matrimony and birth with only 6.3 percent leaving the workforce (â€Å"Labor Force†). Even though after twenty years in 1980 there were still approximately a twenty and thirty percent difference between men and women in the workplace it was still an amazing different to the fifty and sixty percent difference in the 1950s (â€Å"Labor Force†). From 1950 to the late 1960s it was a fact that women and the workplace met in few places, for only a brief time and very rarely in the general public eye. I f seen in

Handle Patient Always Complains About Painâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: How Would You Handle A Patient Who Always Complains About Pain? Answer: Introducation Caring is an essential part of nursing, and this is the primary reason why most of the managers would prefer to hear from the applicant how they are prepared to handle and take care of the patient and as thus the manager who is also the interviewer can evaluate the attitude of the nurse towards the patients. Therefore, I believe my presentation will matter a lot to the panelist, and thus these are some of the things that were going to put into consideration. For such case, I will employ Bains Rs of Responding, Reporting, Relating, Reasoning and Reconstructing as explicated in this work. I will talk about my values; this includes critical description of my personality and my attitude towards the patients. I am always passionate and have the desire to effect positive changes in the patients life. Some of the incredible values that I do possess is being passionate in taking good care of the patient (Sparadeo, 2017). My positive attitude to the patients is also in tandem with my vision o f moving along with the patient to know how they are faring on even after being discharged from the hospital. I will always stick to the set regulation and code of ethics that centers on my progression by ng myself in a professionally carrying myself and the one which is readily available to attend to the patients at any time of the day. Moreover, I would create a friendly environment where I would be able to attend to them by giving the patients the necessary care that they deserve. On the same note, these patients need personalized attention and thus will be available at all times to get their views and able to handle them healthily. It is incumbent to note that most patient does prefer someone who would lend them their ears to realize some of the interesting issues that are of much concern to their lives (Cobussen?Boekhorst, Hermeling, Heesakkers Gaal, 2016). I will give my patient ample time and try to build the proper rapport with the patients for them to feel affiliated and get that opportunity to disclose some of the issues that psychologically disturbs and thereby inhibiting their bid to recover well. The patient is always my primary focus, and I will do all that it takes to make sure that I dispense my service diligently. I will firmly be bonded to the patients to aid them at the time of emergencies or when the need arises (Smith, Rhodes, Paciotti, Kelly, Perrone Meisel, 2015). My compassionate nature would allow me to be closer to the patient and ready to serve at all time and mostly those moments that my care is most needed. Patients value confidentiality and as such, once they confide to me anything I will keep it to myself and try to aid them in all possible ways well taken care (Meeus, Nijs, Van Wilgen, Noten, Goubert Huijnen, 2016). In the ideal situation, there are some of the patients who tend overreacting about their illness. I will use my expertise and experience in nursing to be compassionate and calm them down rather than raising the Business. By so doing, I will give this patient ample time to air out all her issues with the intent of aiding them to recover from that depression moments. The most significant thing in nursing is the dedication and loving your work. Having the great passion for this field as I chose it wholeheartedly, I believe I am the right person to deal with the patients of all kinds. I have different approaches that I may devise in the bid of aiding them in their situation (Van Dijk, Vervoort, Van Wijck, Kalkman Schuurmans, 2016). Similarly, I will be in constant communication with the concerned doctor discussing the condition of the patient to have a clear picture of how to be aided through examining the severity of their status. Moreover, I will reassure them of my support and care at all time and thereby get rid of the panicky state. I will realize this by being attentive to the patient and reassuring them of no need to panic as the situation under control from both the doctors and nurses around them. The approaches as mentioned above are critical when dealing with the patient who always complains about pain since it makes them feel home in the health care sector knowing that there are people who do care for them and who would see them recovering well (Weijenborg ter Kuile, 2017). Additionally, such patients need close company and thus a nurse ought to tend to them frequently confirming their progress on a regular basis to ascertain that the patient is in good condition. References Cobussen?Boekhorst, H., Hermeling, E., Heesakkers, J., Gaal, B. (2016). Patients experience with intermittent catheterisation in everyday life.Journal of clinical nursing,25(9-10), 1253-1261. Meeus, M., Nijs, J., Van Wilgen, P., Noten, S., Goubert, D., Huijnen, I. (2016). Moving on to movement in patients with chronic joint pain.PAIN,1. Smith, R. J., Rhodes, K., Paciotti, B., Kelly, S., Perrone, J., Meisel, Z. F. (2015). Patient perspectives of acute pain management in the era of the opioid epidemic.Annals of emergency medicine,66(3), 246-252. Sparadeo, F. R. (2017). Pain in the Addiction Rehabilitation Patient. InComprehensive Pain Management in the Rehabilitation Patient(pp. 195-205). Springer International Publishing. Van Dijk, J. F., Vervoort, S. C., Van Wijck, A. J., Kalkman, C. J., Schuurmans, M. J. (2016). Postoperative patients perspectives on rating pain: a qualitative study.International journal of nursing studies,53, 260-269. Weijenborg, P. T. M., ter Kuile, M. M. (2017). A Woman Who Suffers Always and Forever: Management of Chronic Pelvic Pain. InBio-Psycho-Social Obstetrics and Gynecology(pp. 199-215). Springer International Publishing.

The Purpose of Schooling and the Role of School Leaders

Very soon, the schools in Australia will enjoy the freedom of governing themselves in the sense that they will get the opportunity to make their own decisions. This will be in administration and the Australian federal Labor government heavily backs all this.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Purpose of Schooling and the Role of School Leaders specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This came about after a lot of reassure from the National education agenda that pushed for the major reforms in schools. Each school will hold its own mandate to develop its own councils and even devolution of funds within the institution and come up with ways to harness declining performance in some students and boost the performance of others. The issue of liberating the school administration and letting them govern themselves is still a topic of discussion and heavy debate. There is an argument that, as much as the government seems to ha ve completely removed itself from the normal running of the schools it still has a major role to play in them. For example, the government still has a role in making some initiatives and reforms for schools but the bureaucracy has been broken down to mask the entire issue. The government in most schools will still establish their own constraints and limits that the school should work on if they want continuous flow of funds from the government. Schools do not really require involving themselves in the role of decision making, as they should ponder more the performance of the student rather than the competition among its industry and even materialization of fund in most cases. The parents also have a part to play in ensuring that the schools have an authentic touch. The teachers in the Capita territory discovered the school-based model in 1967 in Australia in order to counter the bureaucratic model. This form of model has encouraged the schools to be more open and include the parents in the community in decision-making. The role can either be to offer expertise advice or even contribute ideas and help establish something in the school. Involving the communities from around and helping form partnership will go a long way in helping communication of people. This will hence boost confidence among the students and the people of the community and eventually form the basis of trust, which is paramount in working towards certain goals and even coming up with comprehensive plans for the school’s effective management.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The structure and running of school’s differ and hence the strategic plans for the various schools are different because the students, teachers and the staff at large are not the same in all schools. The strategic plan should reflect the uniqueness and diversity of the students, staff and teachers, as it should l ook at the strengths and abilities of the stakeholders of this particular institution. The Australian Federal Labour Government can make efforts to empower the schools only if the schools approve to adhere to a set agenda by the government and the government keeps the schools wrapped around their little finger by controlling their funds depending to how well they can adhere to the already set policies. The standardised format set by the government may be unavoidable as we sometimes find that teachers cover a certain syllabus quickly and omit other necessary point that could be useful to the student all in the name of adhering to the rules and policies. This essay on The Purpose of Schooling and the Role of School Leaders was written and submitted by user Lexi House to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

SWOT analysis for Tesco Research Paper Example

SWOT analysis for Tesco Research Paper Example SWOT analysis for Tesco Paper SWOT analysis for Tesco Paper Strengths:– -Their size which allows Tesco to buy competitively so they can buy more products than other supermarkets so they can sell them cheaper because when you buy in bulks you get price reductions, Tesco can use this because they are bigger than all other supermarkets so they have a opportunity to make more money, The larger you become the more economy of scale you achieve. For example if you ten thousand tins of beans its cheaper than buying one tin of beans per unit therefore the more you buy the cheaper they get their products. -Tesco also have strong senior management which helps the store because their management of the store is strong so they can manage Tesco a lot more efficiently and the staff in it, their senior staff is also useful because they will always know how to manage the store because they do it well, They make great recommendations, decisions for Tesco as they are one of the best supermarkets in the UK and couldn’t be that without the senior management team. -Tesco are hypermarkets which are big hyper stores which mean you can buy big bulks at lower prices at their warehouses; they have the widest range of products to offer for their customers all over the UK, These are cheaper alternatives to customers who need more at cheaper prices which makes them strong because they will make more money and they are the only supermarket with a strong hypermarket portfolio. -Tesco has national UK coverage which is a strength because they have supermarkets open all over the UK, this help’s Tesco because it makes them well known and people have more Tesco’s to shop at, Their UK national coverage helps more people because they have more branches of Tesco to shop at rather than travelling large distances to use the Tesco services. -Tesco has a Increasing Level of Investment which is helpful because they have lots of investors that have invested in the business who help keep it running, the investors helped Tesco become what it is now, and more people want to invest into Tesco which makes it a strong business because it is a High selling supermarket. -Tesco have a strong price message which will be strength for them because they are accurate about their price range and are cheaper than other supermarkets in the area, the Tesco price message helps the business to keep its strength because they are clear about their prices and have cheaper prices than other supermarkets in the area, They also give customers things like club cards and special offers which can help them reduce the price they have to pay for their products which helps because more people want to use the Tesco services. -Tesco have expanding non food and online offers which means that if you shop online or buy stuff other than food from them you will get offers such as cheaper rates for ordering online, This helps Tesco because they are one of the only supermarkets doing online offers, Customers who use the computer will use this to order their shopping online and get it delivered to their house, This also means that they have moved onto things like electrical products, phone networks as well as groceries. -Tesco have Efficient distribution because they always have enough products and supplies for the customers to purchase, Tesco will always order in advance to ensure that they always have enough products for their customers, they always make sure that they have a distribution chain to get products to the stores, They use many different methods such as vans and lorries to get the products to Tesco on time. Weaknesses:– -Increasing geographical spread makes focus on specific markets difficult, this affects Tesco because the more supermarkets that open in the different areas there will more places for customers to go so they might move away from Tesco and go somewhere else which will be bad for Tesco because they can loose money. -International expansion requires substantial investments, this is a weakness of Tesco because when they want to expand international they will need substantial investments to open up new businesses, and this is a weakness because Tesco might not have the investments to open up the new businesses. -High reliance on UK market is a weakness of Tesco because their business is going sluggish because of things like customers not having enough money to spend which will cause them to downgrade, if the customers don’t have enough money to buy products or less products than usual Tesco won’t make enough money. Opportunities:– -Growth of non-food is an opportunity of Tesco because they can start growing things like plants and flowers and sell them in store, not many other have a flowers/plant range so this could be an Opportunity for Tesco, also to sell genetically modified food to prevent shortage of the products in the future. -Enter new Asian markets is an opportunity of Tesco because they can do something for all types of customers so they can get everything from under one roof rather than going to different stores to get their shopping, Entering the Asian Market for Tesco will help them because they will have a new market and it will benefit their customers, Also because they will branch out more Asian countries which will make them more well known. -Effective use of Club card database to increase basket size is an opportunity of Tesco because when a customers buys products from Tesco they earn club cards points which they can later trade in for things like reductions, this is a opportunity for Tesco as they are the only ones who offer a Club Card and it will help their customers because they will want to spend more to earn more points. -Develop additional services is an opportunity of Tesco because they could start new services which other business don’t have for example Tesco already have the self pay tills that customers can use, and they benefit the customers, Tesco can develop new services that will help them because they will have services other businesses don’t. Threats:– -Faces range of diverse competitors internationally which is a threat for Tesco because they have moved internationally and they will competitors that are more well know at the location, Tesco are threatened because the other stores are more well know and there is more of a chance that the customers will visit that store instead of Tesco. -Increased level of eating out in the UK is a threat of Tesco because if people are eating from out more often they are not buying food from Tesco; this is a threat because if people continue to eat out Tesco will loose money because people are not buying from them. -Restrictive planning guidelines in UK and Asia is a threat of Tesco because if Tesco wants to increase the size of their supermarkets they must follow the restrictive guidelines, they can build a supermarket but they must follow how many Square feet and set in the guidelines, This is a threat for Tesco because if they want to expand a supermarket they won’t be able to increase it buy much.

Free Essays on Political Film And Fiction

Henry David Thoreau was a writer and philosopher in the 1800’s. Thoreau believed that people should be careful of setting their goals of excess too high. He believed that people should try and rise above the animalistic impulse they had and pursue a lifestyle that was pure and not materialistic. Thomas Hobbes, a writer in the mid 1600’s on the other hand thought that people were inherently selfish and needed a strong coercive Government in order to keep them in line. Thoreau and Hobbes’ theories are shown in the works of Lord of the Flies, Roger and Me and The Godfather. In Lord of the Flies, Golding uses little children, deserted on an island to show that humans need a strong central government in order to survive. When that strong central government dissolves the children resort to selfishness and animal instincts to survive. At first the boys are listening to Ralph and chores are getting done. He orders that teams of the children keep an eye on the bonfire and make sure it is always lit. This is their only chance at a rescue in Ralph’s mind. After awhile Jack decides he wants to lead. Jack gains a following because he doesn’t look out for the long-term survival on the island. He is more concerned with having fun and the children end up following him because although he doesn’t seem to be the best leader the children are caught up in the freedom that Jack supplies them. The children enjoy the primal urge to hunt and soon after they capture a wild boar they want a bigger game. They start to chase after Ralph to kill him but when they follow him onto the beach there is a surprise waiting. The military has shown up to rescue the children. Golding uses children to show how humans have these inherent animal desires in all of us. Once the struggle for power started up on the island the order was lost. Without a strong authority the children resorted to animal instincts and selfishness in order to live their... Free Essays on Political Film And Fiction Free Essays on Political Film And Fiction Henry David Thoreau was a writer and philosopher in the 1800’s. Thoreau believed that people should be careful of setting their goals of excess too high. He believed that people should try and rise above the animalistic impulse they had and pursue a lifestyle that was pure and not materialistic. Thomas Hobbes, a writer in the mid 1600’s on the other hand thought that people were inherently selfish and needed a strong coercive Government in order to keep them in line. Thoreau and Hobbes’ theories are shown in the works of Lord of the Flies, Roger and Me and The Godfather. In Lord of the Flies, Golding uses little children, deserted on an island to show that humans need a strong central government in order to survive. When that strong central government dissolves the children resort to selfishness and animal instincts to survive. At first the boys are listening to Ralph and chores are getting done. He orders that teams of the children keep an eye on the bonfire and make sure it is always lit. This is their only chance at a rescue in Ralph’s mind. After awhile Jack decides he wants to lead. Jack gains a following because he doesn’t look out for the long-term survival on the island. He is more concerned with having fun and the children end up following him because although he doesn’t seem to be the best leader the children are caught up in the freedom that Jack supplies them. The children enjoy the primal urge to hunt and soon after they capture a wild boar they want a bigger game. They start to chase after Ralph to kill him but when they follow him onto the beach there is a surprise waiting. The military has shown up to rescue the children. Golding uses children to show how humans have these inherent animal desires in all of us. Once the struggle for power started up on the island the order was lost. Without a strong authority the children resorted to animal instincts and selfishness in order to live their...

Business communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 2

Business communication - Essay Example The nature of its core business that facilitates outstanding service provision has enabled it to make major achievements in the airline industry. The Malaysian airline company sets its primary objectives that were to provide the Malaysian people with a proficient and profit generating air transport system. Such an airline would enhance the economic growth of Malaysia and improve its global image. The Airline has fulfilled its objectives by enhancing economic integration as well social integration in Malaysia. In conclusion, the company has maximized on market penetration with its wide range of aircraft resources (Fickling, 2012). The Malaysian airline is an international airline company that serves as a transport system for the middle class, upper middle class as well as the business class .In general, the company serves all customers who have a strong preference for comfort and reliability. The company enjoys a strong backing of the Malaysian government as well as its extensive services in the Middle East, Australia, South Asia and other destinations all over the world. Malaysian airlines system is one of the widely known airways across the world. In addition to its exemplary advertising and marketing that has ensured good brand visibility, the company boasts of a strong workforce with more than 20,000 employees. In conclusion, the company plies more than 85 routes with its enormous fleet size.   For the company to lead the global airlines, it has to increase its global presence and transport customers to internationally recognized destinations. Malaysian airlines system also has to provide more services to its customers at the airport facilities. The existence of the Malaysian Airlines has been constantly affected by the escalating fuel costs, the unreliable government policies and the regulatory bodies’ regulations that are unnecessary. The rising competition has posed a great threat to the company in the global air transport. Malaysian Airline system

Why Cognitive Ability Testing is a good predictor of work performance Essay

Why Cognitive Ability Testing is a good predictor of work performance - Essay Example Without such tests, it would be impossible for organizations to hire individuals who are competent enough to ensure that they are able to achieve their missions without much hindrance. Therefore, cognitive ability testing is an essential part of making sure that the work performance of individuals can be predicted. One of the most useful aspects of cognitive ability testing is that it determines the ability of employees to learn and adapt to the work environment. This is an exceptionally essential characteristic for an employee to have because it ensures that he is able to learn about a given situation quickly and take the necessary action that is needed to solve it, especially if it is a crisis (Bertua, et al, 2005). Furthermore, it is in the interest of an employee to be tested since it allows for the development of a better understanding of oneself and this to such an extent that it helps them to take the necessary action needed to develop learning abilities. Moreover, it is helpful for employees to learn whether they are capable of adapting to new situations because there are instances where organizations tend to implement changes at such a fast pace that individuals within these organizations might end up not being capable of handling it properly (Guo, 2012). A result of such circumstance s is that an organization might end up in crisis, making it necessary for cognitive ability testing to be conducted to determine whether individuals who are employed are capable of handling change through adaptation. Employees who are capable of adapting to changes and new situations that come with them tend to be the most successful within the organization because not only is their job performance improved, but also their ability to take on new tasks is often guaranteed (Campitelli and Gerrans, 2014). In this way, employees end up being encouraged to improve their learning and adaptation abilities so that

Diversity in the Workplace Essay Example for Free

Diversity in the Workplace Essay Discrimination are more common in workplaces, because some people only think of discrimination as making a distinction and judgment of a person based on color of skin. Discrimination goes far beyond color of skin. A person can be disseminated agonist for their age, disability, gender, religion, or even for being pregnant. In a workplace there are standards and policies in place to decrease the chances of a person being discriminated against. When the staff is diverse in a workplace, discrimination less likely to happen. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission indicates that it is â€Å"illegal to discriminate against a job applicant or an employee because of the person’s race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age or disability† (). I experienced discrimination in the workplace, and after making an EEO (Equal Employment Opportunity) complaint on a supervisor, she became more discriminatory towards me. The supervisor would make racist statements, once she found out I put an EEO complaint in on her, she would deliberately change my schedule, and put me on shifts that I could not work, to get me to quit. Most places do not give â€Å"set schedules† which means a person works the same shift and works the same hours on the same days. However, the position I worked, was a set schedule position. After going through weeks of the hostile environment, and continued derogatory statements, I quit as it was stressing me out, which caused me to lose severe weight. There are federal and state legislation that supports fair and impartial practices in the workplace. Federal legislations that supports fair practices include: †¢Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII), which prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin; †¢The Equal Pay Act of 1963 (EPA), which protects men and women who perform substantially equal work in the same establishment from sex-based wage discrimination (Scott, 2014). †¢the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA), which protects individuals who are 40 years of age or older; †¢Title I and Title V of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, as amended (ADA), which prohibit employment discrimination against qualified individuals with disabilities in the private sector, and in state and local governments; †¢Sections 501 and 505 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, which prohibit discrimination against qualified individuals with disabilities who  work in the federal government; †¢Title II of the Genetic Information Nondisc rimination Act of 2008 (GINA), which prohibits employment discrimination based on genetic information about an applicant, employee, or former employee; and †¢The Civil Rights Act of 1991, which, among other things, provides monetary damages in cases of intentional employment discrimination (Scott, 2014). There are responsibilities that human resource managers should uphold to protect the employees from discrimination in the workplace. It is important for human service mangers to strive to have a diverse workplace, while maintaining awareness of equal employment legislation and affirmative action (Lewis, Packard, Lewis, 2012). Human service mangers objectives should include, but are not limited to promoting awareness of workplace diversity, develop and maintain a highly skilled, diverse and effective workforce, where all employees and members are valued, encouraged and provided with opportunities to develop their potential (Workplace Diversity, 2014). It I s also import to develop a supportive workplace culture which allows employees and members to balance their work and personal life, and provide a discrimination and harassment free workplace; and embrace workplace diversity principles in recruitment and selection processes (Workplace Diversity Plan, 2014). It is important for human service mangers and others who make decision to be aware of the effects of their practices (book). Their practices could either make the organization more effective and receptive, or continue discrimination against, women, elderly people, color people, and others (Lewis, Packard, Lewis, 2012). There are many strategies involved in risk management. One strategy is human resources being accountable and responsible for providing information and recommendations about local, state and federal laws pertaining to equity and human rights, including an affirmative action place (Lewis, Packard, Lewis, 2012). When human resource management are aware of their practices, human service organizations less likely to have cases of discrimination in the workplace. Another strategy is providing training in diversity and equity to increase knowledge and understanding of critical issues, improve job-related skills, develop leadership, and ensure responsive, sensitive support for individuals (Workplace Diversity Plan, 2014). Diversity within the workplace are paramount for human service workers and for management of human service organizations, because human  service organizations can offer services to a more diverse community with staff, who are culturally competent. This makes them able to give services to all group of people leaving no error for discrimination. When a human service organization is committed to helping children who are sexually abused, these is no room for discrimination. Diversity is important in the dream organization called ChildFocus Sexual Abuse Organization (CFSAO), as many children will be from different ethnic backgrounds, with different beliefs, and different social-economics statues. The experience explained above consists of a supervisor making racist statements. In the CFSAO, diversity would have a huge influence on the clients as well as the human service workers. Racism would have a negative impact on the sexual abused children, which would further traumatize and victimize a child. It is necessary for the staff to be culturally competent, and sensitive to the experiences of all sexually abused children and their families. Culturally competency would apply to the development and management aspects of human services, because it provides human service workers with effective services that are equally accessible to each of the diverse groups that the organization serves. In conclusion, there are federal and local laws that protect people from being discriminated in the workplace. The human resource managers should be aware of their practices during the interview and hiring process, by hiring a more diverse group of people for a human service organization. This would decrease the chances of human service workers or clients from being discriminated against. There are strategies that can help human service agencies decrease discrimination in a workplace which can include promote awareness in the workplace diversity, and develop a supportive workplace culture which allows employees and members to balance their work and personal life (Work Diversity Plan, 2014). It also important for human service workers to be culturally competent, so they are capable of serving all groups of people from different backgrounds.

Car Racing Essays -- essays research papers

Automobile Racing Automobile Racing, one of the most popular sports in the world, have races run with wide coverage on television - before millions of fans. It tests the skills of the drivers, the speed capabilities of the vehicles, and the endurance of both. The first racing cars were motorized versions of horse-drawn carriages and wagons. The first race was a reliability demonstration from Chicago to Waukegan, Illinois, in November 1895, while the first American oval-track race, held at the Rhode Island State Fairgrounds in Cranston in 1896, was won at an average speed of 43.1 km/h. Racing in the United States became popular two years later, with the opening of 4-km brick-surfaced Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Indianapolis, Indiana. Later on, the speeds of the cars increased and the condition of road improve as well, so cars designers began designing cars specially to be raced. Racing cars now fall into two broad categories. First are open-wheeled vehicles, in which the wheels are not under fenders. The other categories of racing cars are closed-wheeled with an enclosed cockpit. Automobile racing was seen only in the United States and continental Europe until the 1930s. Then the popularity of the sport began to spread. As the European countries wanted to show off their empires, races were held in Italian and French African colonial outposts, such as Tripoli, Libya, and Casablanca, Morocco. Smaller nations, such as Monaco, San Marino, and Macau, also wanted the prestige...

P’s Pert Plus: a Pan- European Brand?

Q1. How attractive is the Pan- European market for pert plus in terms of demand potential? Competition? Pan- European market is quite attractive for pert plus    in terms of demand as the consumers test results showed that the product concept of ‘wash & go' their (time-saving benefits) 28% consumers said that they would definalty buy the product that was only 1 percent less then already established bran there Vidal Sasson. Also because they are gradually accepting the idea of 2-in-1 shampoo more and thus it would be beneficial to launch in European market. P&G's competitors there are Unilever, Colgate and Lo ‘Oreal. P&Gs own competitor brands are heavily advertised there by European standards. Therefore launch of the product need to illustrate quality and time- saving benefits and also need to educate the market in the use of conditioners further. Q2. What competitive advantages does Pert Plus have? Disadvantages? Competitive advantage for pert plus is the benefits of time-saving and convenient everyday use of the product. Thos benefit is very essential and thus required right positioning. Inadequate availability of production capacity was a disadvantage for pert plus. Also lead times for alternative pack sizes and designs (250ml preferred size) were also a restriction for them as it would take six months lead time. Q3. Which countries would be the leading markets in Europe? What are the advantages and disadvantages of entering a leading market first? The countries that could be leading markets are Great Britain as it has a high market size for usage of conditioners and shampoos, especially conditioners that is the highest rate among the other 4 countries given. Therefore they would not have to educate them much about the usage of conditioners but can face tough competition. West Germany has highest rate of value of shampoos and 2nd highest in conditioners (Exhibit 1). Therefore has the potential of being a leading market but would require an innovative marketing campaign and emphasis on pert plus's competitive advantages. Entering a leading market first has both advantages and disadvantages. Market segmentation is usually a must as competition is intense. New entrant will have to use niche strategies, positioning their product not in the core of the market but in specialty area. As the product is new it has the chance to develop a new market and gain favorable first mover advantages, something that takes resources, focus and continuous monitoring of penetration. Q4. What does marketing research tell about the price and positioning decision for Europe? Brand choice? Should the BC-18 technology be introduced with a pan-European name, or with local brand names, or even with a mixture of both approaches? Price and packaging alternatives were tested on only two brands: one brand from the lower-price segment and another brand that had a high quality product concept that is product concepts where possible price sensitivity would be easily detected. According to the market research the consumer were willing to pay the equal price for the selected product (Vidal Sassoon, Shamtu, Pantene, Pert Plus). The new technology â€Å"2-in-1† for shampoo and conditioner in one wash, its positioning was same as Vidal Sassoon Shampoo â€Å"for great-looking hair in a convenient way†. The brand choice would be highly not so easy because all the brands are providing the same technology 2-in-1 formula. The BC-18 technology would be introduced with a mixture of both approaches, because P was the first packaged goods companies to go to pan-European. The American company had established a pan-European focus in its R-effort and a system of â€Å"lead countries† for pan-European product roll-outs. And plus with a local brand name customer would easily recognized the brand globally.

Search Engine Data Collection

Search Engine Data Collection Citizens’ personal information has always been actively sought by government authorities and by private businesses, and up until recently, has been kept exclusively by the institutions requesting the information. However, those days of confidentiality are over, as the world becomes increasingly structured upon the evolution of the Internet.Today, government authorities and private businesses have a multitude of ways to access personal information that is submitted through the World Wide Web, one of these methods being the surveillance and tracking of search requests through online search engines such as Google (Search Engine Privacy). The collection of personally identifiable data by search engines threatens consumer privacy and violates the US Constitution’s Fourth Amendment, which guarantees â€Å"the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures† (Electro nic Privacy).As the privacy rights of citizens are increasingly being compromised, governments need to implement stricter electronic privacy laws regarding search engine data collection to protect citizens from a world of blurred boundaries. The evolution of the World Wide Web has proved to be advantageous for private businesses that have prospered from the wealth of information that is granted to them through search engines. Search engine data analysis provides companies with crucial knowledge about their consumers, allowing businesses to maximize their profits by catering to their consumers’ needs and desires.An example of this is the analysis of search request trends to predict when prom dresses would sell best. One would assume that with most school proms taking place in May that March through April would be the ideal time to display prom dress content online; however, search engine data research concludes that the month with the most searches for â€Å"prom dress† is January. Companies can then take this information and capitalize by making wise choices in terms of timing (Tancer 59-68).Using consumers’ search request information to predict trends to maximize profits is a relatively benign example of how data entered into search engines can be used. Search requests contain highly personal information about consumers, such as their medical issues, religious background, political partiality, and sexual orientation, opening the door to behavioral marketing (Search Engine Privacy). By collecting information about consumer interests and habits, companies essentially have a portal into the minds of their target market, which they can use and abuse at their discretion.Another threat that search engine data collection poses to citizens is the risk of leaked – whether intentional or accidental – personal information. Although data collection companies claim that they screen their clients thoroughly before providing them with info rmation, critics say that the industry's screening process is negligent (Electronic Privacy). In May 1996, for example, a television reporter based in California requested the personal information of 5,000 children from Metromail Corp. , using the name of Richard Allen Davis, a well-known convicted child murderer in the state.The company released a list of more than 5,000 children's names, ages, addresses and phone numbers to this undercover reporter at the cost of $277 (Electronic Privacy). This incident exemplifies the potential dangers of releasing information to third parties and the risks of not employing a thorough screening practice in the process. Another incident of leaked information involves a 62-year-old widow, Thelma Arnold, who, along with 657,000 others, had her personal search inquiries leaked by AOL.AOL had intended the release of this information to benefit academic researchers and assigned numbers in place of names to protect the anonymity of users; however, they did not consider how easy it was to determine the identities of these users through simple investigation. As a result of this lapse in foresight by AOL detailed records of the personal search inquiries of Thelma Arnold and 657,000 other Americans are still circulating online today (Barbaro and Zeller Jr. ). Although search engine data collection has its risks, supporters argue that these companies offer a service that ultimately benefits the consumer (Electronic Privacy).Solveig Singleton, director of information studies at the Cato Institute, says that if â€Å"’privacy alarmists’ succeed in achieving regulation of the industry, consumers will ultimately be harmed†. Singleton believes that â€Å"consumers benefit by sharing information about themselves because businesses can then design and market new products that are tailored to consumers' needs† (Electronic Privacy). Examining the viewpoints of both critics and supporters of data collecting companies, the essential question that needs to be considered is whether or not the development of new products for a arget audience is worth risking the privacy and safety of consumers. Despite the fact that many citizens have voiced their concerns over electronic privacy matters, the government has still been reluctant to interfere with the information industry, fearing that regulation could hinder an industry that is growing exponentially and contributing to the U. S. economy. To ensure that this industry’s economic potential is fully realized, government officials are prepared to adopt a â€Å"laissez-faire† approach to Internet business (Electronic Privacy).As the use of the Internet becomes more and more pertinent to the daily lives of citizens, the concept of privacy is being challenged. Although the government is aware that it should be seeking ways to protect its citizens, it fears at the same time that enforcing stricter online privacy rights will stunt the growth of p rivate businesses that thrive off consumers’ personal information. Ultimately, the issue of search engine privacy is a struggle to find harmony between two opposing entities: the protection of privacy rights of citizens and the growth of the information industry and private businesses.Unfortunately, at the moment, it is the privacy rights of citizens that are being compromised in this relationship. The government needs to create and strictly enforce specific laws pertaining to search engine data collection to deter today’s world from heading into a world like that in George Orwell’s 1984, a world in which â€Å"telescreens† monitor every citizen’s every move – a world with which our current online world shares frightening similarities.

Human Growth Behaviour And Development Social Work Essays

Human Growth Behaviour And Development Social Work Essays Human Growth Behaviour And Development Social Work Paper Human Growth Behaviour And Development Social Work Paper Attachment theory derives from psychoanalyic psychological science, nevertheless it is used in societal work to try to understand behavior in babyhood and childhood to demo the manner in which kids develop emotionally WALKER 2009 This theory centres on the thought that kids need to organize unafraid relationships with other people, such as parents or defenders, as it is a important contributer to their emotional development. Social bonds and relationships that are made in early childhood are believed to act upon an persons life and can impact upon their wellbeing to find their emotional and societal stableness later in life. Consequently, fond regard is seen as an built-in constituent within babies and immature childrens lives, as these experiences can determine a individuals personality and individuality in future old ages. ( WALKER, J and K, CRAWFORD 2010 ) . If these experiences of fond regard are negative, and the kid does non develop equal relationships with their health professionals, so this can hold detremental effects on their psychological and emotional development. ( WALKER, J 2009 ) . The Attachment theory originates from the thoughts of John Bowlby who believes that worlds are biological predispositioned to seek fond regard from others. He proposes that endurance is closely related to the ability to possess emotional bonds with other persons ( GREEN 2003 ) . This is because by organizing an fond regard with an authorization figure who is seen as the stronger of the species, this reduces the exposure of the person as it provides increased security and protection from injury posed by possible marauders ( BOWLBY 1958, cited in LISHMAN 2007 ) . The theory looks at the manner that attachment relationships are formed, and the grounds behind their manifestation. Children are seen to organize these relationships for grounds such as safety, comfort and to supply guidence. These attachment behavior, harmonizing to larning theoreticians, are displayed in babyhood through speaking, express joying and shouting. This enables them to persue their basic demands for endurance, su ch as nutrient for nurishment, by their fond regard to their female parent who is able to back up them in carry throughing their demands ( WALKER, J and K, CRAWFORD 2010 ) . This initial fond regard to health professionals besides guides the persons ideas, feelings and outlooks as they become cognizant of peoples responses towards them which help them recognize how to act ( WALKER 2009 ) . There are four premises of Bowlby s fond regard theory which effort to explicate his beliefs. The first, is that babies and immature kids develop emotional ties with persons early in life, which acts as a biological map and plays an built-in portion to their endurance. The 2nd premise is that the manner a kid is treated early in life has a major lending factor to their future relationships and the manner their personality is formed. The 3rd premise is that attachment behavior can organize an internal working theoretical account which guide the kid s ideas, feelings and outlooks as a consequence of the reactions of others towards their behavior. The concluding premise of Bowlby s fond regard theory is that although it is hard to change attachment behavior, it is non impossible, thereofre there is the possibility of change at any point in life, both in a positive and negative manner ( GREEN 2003 ) . Although babies and immature kids are able to hold more than one attachment figure, they are still affected when they are exposed to seperation from their primary attachment figure. This can go on for many grounds, such as a kid being removed from a household place and placed into attention, or possibly decease. This can be a really distressful and confusing clip for a kid as they are diffident of who to turn to for security and protection. This is apparent in societal work pattern in cases where an abused kid wants to stay with its parents, even though it is non a stable or supportive fond regard ( LISHMAN 2006 ) . Bowlby proposed that kids who have experienced seperation from their chief attachment figure will endure in a procedure affecting protest, dispair and withdrawal, in an effort to get the better of their loss ( BOWLBY 1958, cited in LISHMAN 2006 ) . However, although Bowlby provided an of import part to the thought of fond regard, his research can be criticised in many ways. This is because Bowlby tends to concentrate his thoughts on one primary figure of fond regard, frequently the female parent, when it is possible for kids to organize fond regards with other people within their lives such as their male parent. Besides, developing relationships with other people alongside the attachment figure is besides of import, this is because holding to trust on the caregiving relationship of one individual can be damaging due to the fact it frequently consequences in dependence and does non let other relationships to be formed with others, which can the impede the societal and emotional development of the kid ( WALKER, J and K, CRAWFORD 2010 ) . Harmonizing to Lishman ( 2007 ) , the fond regard theory believes that when a kid is stressed or afraid, they exhibit peculiar behavior and emotions which can be perceived as fond regard. This is because they seek protection from injury through the aid and security of an grownup who they see as stronger than themselves. This is closly linked to two types of behavioral systems: the explorative behavioral system and the fear behavioral system. The explorative behavioral system is based of the belief that when an baby or immature kid feels comfy and safe, the attachment behavior remains hibernating and hence the kid will be willing to research the people around them and their milieus. However, if a kid feels threatened or vulnerable, the fright behavioral system will go active, where the kid will no longer seek geographic expedition and alternatively they will seek protection from their attachment figure and exhibit behavior related to that fond regard. However, the behavior that they display is non intended to arouse fondness from the attachment figure, alternatively it is to A ; acirc ; ˆ?regain a province of equilibrium A ; acirc ; ˆA? ( p59 ) . This means that babies and immature kids are non dependent upon the caregiving nature of the attachment figure, alternatively their purpose is to decrease their frights. There is a categorization of fond regard forms which identifies four different types of fond regard, which attempts to enanble professionals to measure immature childrens behavior and emotions ( secure, ambivalent, avoident and disorganised ) . Secure fond regard is based of the belief that kids depend upon their health professional as a base for geographic expedition. The health professional is available to the kid and responds to the kids demands, therefore the kid behaves in a positive mode. Ambivalent attachment expressions at how kids are unwilling to research their milieus as the health professional is non consistent in their support. This can go forth the kid distressed, clingy and dependant. The 3rd class is avoident forms of fond regard, and features an unresponsive health professional, therefore the kid feels rejected and they view themelves as dependent whilst actively avoiding or disregarding the health professionals presence. And eventually, disorganized fond regard is w here kids are fearful of their health professionals, and they themselves may experience confused or depressed. This type of fond regard is most frequently seen in kids who have suffered maltreatment ( HOWE 2001, cited in LISHMAN 2007 ) . How a critical apprehension of Attachment Theory can lend to Social Work Practice. Social workers are seen to hold three functions to play when working within an attachment position: appraisal, planning and direct work with kids, parents and carers. Assessment looks at countries within fond regard such as the demands of a kid, the rearing that they receive, their emotional and behavioral development and the relationships which they have formed. There are besides trials created specifically for mensurating fond regard, such as Ainsworth s alien trial which provide an indicant of the form and quality of their fond regards. The 2nd function, planning, looks at how be aftering for new fond regards when puting kids with new households needs to be approached carefully. This is because they need happening the most suited parenting figures where new fond regards can be made. The 3rd function is direct work with kids, parents and carers. This is because direct contact and communicating is necessary to accomplish the best possible result when working with kids and households. For illustration, when a kid has been removed from their place and is being placed with new carers, direct work can supply support to the kid to fix them for alteration. It can besides be utile with the adoptive or surrogate household to supply guidence and support towards what to anticipate and to assist with any jobs they face ( LISHMAN 2007 ) Attachment theory has been used within societal work pattern as the footing for many kid attention policies. This is because the thought of a baby or kid being attached to their household, which can act upon their development in many ways, has been used as the footing for many statute law ( LISHMAN 2007 ) . For illustration, Sure Start Children s Centres have been introduced in response to the importancy of household support to enable them to construct and keep positive household relationships ( LAMING REPORT 2009, cited in BRAMMER 2010 ) . Attachment theory had besides contributed to policies such as shared parental duty, as it has emhasised the demand for emotional and societal relationships with health professionals, whilst besides proposing possible effects to a kid development and the negative impact later in life if these demands were non met efficaciously. ( LISHMAN 2007 ) . Attachment theory besides provides guidence to enable societal workers to judge the quality of a relationship between a kid and it s parents. This can enable them to derive an apprehension of at what point, if at any, intercession is necessary as it gives them the ability to measure the fond regard that is present within the relationship. The fond regard theory besides gives a more comprehensive apprehension of the loss experienced by an baby or kid when they lose their chief attachment figure. This means that people working within societal work pattern are cognizant of the common and typical behaviors of a kid who is traveling through this procedure and can therefore back up them to get the better of it. A farther manner the fond regard theory is used to profit societal work pattern is that as it is known that fond regard figures are necessary for kids to develop adequately, persons such as adoptive parents can be taught to exhibit behavior which will promote new attachmentment from the kid which is needed for personal growing ( WALKER, J and K, CRAWFORD 2010 ) . However, attention demands to be taken when puting a kid with a new household as to forestall a repeating loss of fond regard figures which can do them to fault themeselves and produce feelings of ineptitude. This can intend guaranting that the kid is appropriatly prepared and ready to organize new bonds of fond regard and that the new carers of the kid receive sufficient support within their function. ( LISHMAN 2007 ) . Attachment theory can besides be linked to the manner in which a female parent bonds with her new born babe. However, these early bonds are non entirely restricted to female parents, it is besides possible for male parents. Although, this bond is typically formed within the first few hours after birth as the female parent and babe connect both physically and emotionally. The initial bond that is made is thought to hold a important consequence on their hereafter relationship as it is the beginning of their attachment . This cognition enables societal workers to back up female parents who are peculiarly vulnerable to hapless parenting, although this is merely effectual if the support continues throughout the first few months after the babe is born.. However, it is of import to observe that merely because a female parent fails to accomplish an initial bond with her babe, this does non intend that maltreatment is inevitable. How are issues of diversity relevant to human growing, behavior and development? GREEN, V. 2003. Emotional development in Psychoanalysis, Attachment Theory and Neuroscience: Creating Connections. East Sussex: Brunner-Routledge LISHMAN, J. 2007. Handbook for Practice and Learning in Social Work and Social Care: Knowledge and Theory. London: Jessica Kingsley WALKER, J and K, CRAWFORD. 2010. Social Work and Human Development. Exeter: Learning Matters WALKER, J. 2008. Analyzing for Your Social Work Degree. Exeter: Learning Matters BRAMMER, 2010. Social Work Law. London: Longman

Definition and Discussion of General American English

Definition and Discussion of General American English General American English is a somewhat vague and outdated term for a  variety of spoken American English that seems to lack the distinctive characteristics of any particular region or ethnic group. Also called network English or newscaster accent. The term General American (GA, GAE, or GenAm) was coined by English professor George Philip Krapp in his book The English Language in America (1925). In the first edition of History of the English Language (1935), Albert C. Baugh adopted the term General American, calling it the dialect of the Middle States and the West. General American   is sometimes broadly characterized as speaking with a midwestern accent, but as William Kretzschmar observes (below), there has never been any single best or default form of American English that might form the basis for General American (A Handbook of Varieties of English, 2004). Examples and Observations The fact that I conjugate my verbs and speak in a typical Midwestern newscaster voicetheres no doubt that this helps ease communication between myself and white audiences. And theres no doubt that when Im with a black audience, I slip into a slightly different dialect.(U.S. President Barack Obama, quoted by Dinesh DSouza in Obamas America: Unmaking the American Dream. Simon Schuster, 2012)The term General American is sometimes used by those who expect for there to be a perfect and exemplary state of American English . . .. However, in this essay the term Standard American English (StAmE) is preferred; it designates the level of quality (here of pronunciation) that is employed by educated speakers in formal settings. StAmE pronunciation differs from region to region, even from person to person, because speakers from different circumstances in and different parts of the United States commonly employ regional and social features to some extent even in formal situations.(William A. Kret zschmar, Jr., Standard American English Pronunciation. A Handbook of Varieties of English, ed. by Bernd Kortmann and Edgar W. Schneider. Mouton de Gruyter, 2004) [T]he standard assumption for American English is that even educated speakers, from certain regions at least (most notably New England and the South), at times use regional pronunciation characteristics and thus speak with an accent; hence, despite the persistent belief in a homogenous General American accent or notions like network English there is in fact no single norm of pronunciation that corresponds to RP [received pronunciation] in England, being a non-regional class dialect.(Edgar W. Schneider, Introduction: Varieties of English in the Americas and the Caribbean. A Handbook of Varieties of English, ed. by Bernd Kortmann and Edgar W. Schneider. Mouton de Gruyter, 2004) Variants in Network English It is important to note that no single dialectregional or socialhas been singled out as an American standard. Even national media (radio, television, movies, CD-ROM, etc.), with professionally trained voices have speakers with regionally mixed features. However, Network English, in its most colourless form, can be described as a relatively homogenous dialect that reflects the ongoing development of progressive American dialects (Canadian English has several notable differences). This dialect itself contains some variant forms. The variants included within this targeted accent involve vowels before /r/, possible differences in words like cot and caught and some vowels before /l/. It is fully rhotic. These differences largely pass unnoticed by the audiences for Network English, and are also reflective of age differences.(Daniel Jones, English Pronouncing Dictionary, 17th ed. Cambridge University Press, 2006) ​​General American vs. the Eastern New England Accent A few examples of differences between some regional dialects and General American or Network English are in order here, though these are necessarily selective. In the characteristic speech of Eastern New England, for instance, rhotic /r/ is lost after vowels, as in far or hard, while it is retained in all positions in General American. A rounded vowel has been retained in Eastern New England in words like top and dot, whereas General American uses an unrounded vowel. Another Eastern New England characteristic is the use of /É‘/ in words like bath, grass, last, etc., where General American uses /a/. In these respects the New England accent shows some similarities with British RP.(Diane Davies, Varieties of Modern English: An Introduction. Routledge, 2013) Challenges to the Concept of General American The belief that American English consists of General American and the Eastern (Northern) and Southern dialect varieties was called into question by a group of American scholars in the 1930s. . . . In 1930 [Hans] Kurath was named the director of an ambitious project called The Linguistic Atlas of the United States and Canada. He patterned the project on a similar European undertaking that had been completed some years before the American project started: Atlas linguistique de la France, which ran between 1902 and 1910. Given the results of their work, Kurath and his co-workers challenged the belief that American English had the varieties Eastern, Southern, and General American. Instead, they suggested that American English is best viewed as having the following major dialect areas: Northern, Midland, and Southern. That is, they did away with the elusive notion of General American and replaced it with the dialect area that they called Midland.(Zoltn Kà ¶vecses, American English: An In troduction. Broadview, 2000) Many Midwesterners are under the illusion that they speak without an accent. They may even believe that they speak Standard American English. But most linguists understand that there is not a single, correct way to speak English. So, yes, even Midwesterners speak with an accent.(James W. Neuliep,  Intercultural Communication: A Contextual Approach, 6th ed. SAGE, 2015)It should be emphasized that everyone speaks with an accent; it is as impossible to speak without an accent as to speak without making sounds. When people deny they have an accent, this is a statement of social prejudice and not linguistics.(Howard Jackson and Peter Stockwell, An Introduction to the Nature and Functions of Language, 2nd ed. Bloomsbury Academic, 2011) Also see: Standard American EnglishAccent PrejudiceEthnic Dialect,  Idiolect,  Regional Dialect, and  Social DialectMarkednessPrestigePronunciationStandard English

Meat and milk factories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Meat and milk factories - Essay Example In fact, we can delude ourselves into believing that the animals do not have any thoughts, feelings or emotions. This, in turn, means that we can treat our animals in any way that we choose. This essay will show specific examples of how horrible we treat our animals, and makes the argument that, if humans could identify more with animals, animals would not be allowed to be treated as they are. The point that Singer and Mason were trying to make, when they talked about how we, as humans, use completely different terminology when referring to animals, as opposed to referring to humans –such as using the term farrowing for giving birth, feeding for eating, and gestating for being pregnant – is that it separates the animals from the humans in our minds. It makes it seem as if they are less than us, different from us. Of course, they are different from us, but it is this difference which allows us to treat them in a manner that we would never treat our fellow man. In the cha pter titled â€Å"Meat and Milk Factories,† Singer and Mason presented examples of how we treat animals, and how this is not the way that we would treat one another. They began to detail the life of a farm pig. First of all, they state that the pigs are kept in a crate which is too narrow for them to turn around or walk more than a step or two forward or backwards. â€Å"More than 90% of pigs raised for met today are raised indoors in crowded pens of concrete and steel, and don’t even have straw to bed down in† (p. 45). These pigs are locked in these crates for life. This is because there are little protections for them. At this time, there was not a federal law that governed how farm animals were to be treated while they are living on the farm. The lack of a federal law is the reason why farmers are allowed to treat pigs in the manner that they treat them – keeping them in crowded pens of concrete and steel, never letting them outside to root around, and not even providing them with straw to lay on. This is especially true for breeding sows, who produce one litter after another, while living in tiny crates which are a foot longer than their bodies. Singer and Mason state that 90% of breeding sows in the America’s 10 largest producers are kept in this manner. This causes the pigs to show signs of clinical depression and stress, because it goes against their basic nature, which is to explore their surroundings and root around. This is because keeping them in this manner goes against their basic nature, as pigs are â€Å"sensitive, intelligent, and highly social animals,† and the conditions provide them with â€Å"nothing to do all day. They cannot walk around or socialize with other sows. All they can do is stand up or lie down on the bare concrete floor† (p. 46). Other examples in this chapter also show how we treat our animals. For instance, there was a sow with a broken leg, who was due to farrow the following week. A vet wanted to fix up the leg, but the farmer would not allow it – he said that he didn’t have the money for this. The sow would be shot as soon as she gave birth to her piglets. According to Singer and Mason, â€Å"

Assignment chapter 13 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Chapter 13 - Assignment Example They came to the United States two years ago. In India, people react to strangers in different ways. Some Indians simply look at strangers, others smile, while others pretend to not care, but they surely notice foreigners around them (Bhatti). If someone is staring, the stranger can smile politely. Indians often return the smile (Bhatti). In terms of greeting, saying â€Å"Namaste† is the traditional greeting (â€Å"India Customs†). During this greeting, the person presses his/her hands together, with his/her fingers facing up and near the chin (â€Å"India Customs†). When addressing superiors or older people, a slight bow is added (â€Å"India Customs†). One must greet the most senior person or the eldest first always (â€Å"India Customs†). When entering a room, a nod and saying â€Å"Namaste† can suffice (â€Å"India Customs†). Males, especially strangers, do not touch women in public, including shaking their hands (â€Å"India Customs†). For communication practices, excessive gestures and verbal expression are considered impolite, especially when coming from strangers (Dasgupta). It is also acceptable to be late by 15 to 30 minutes because American punctuality is not widely practiced in many areas, unless for businesses who have embraced American customs (Dasgupta). In addition, when invited to an Indian family house for lunch or dinner, the invited person must bring a gift, such as a box of chocolates or flowers (Dasgupta). However, since different flowers have different meanings, it is important to ask the florist about appropriate flowers to be brought to families (Dasgupta). Furthermore, the gesture for â€Å"yes† is a slight nod of the head, while â€Å"no† is a turning from side to side. Some foreigners do not easily see the difference between the gestures for â€Å"yes† and â€Å"no,† probably because Indians do not like saying â€Å"no† out of respect (Dasgupta). Greeting a person depends on his/her social status, wherein age, university

Engineering Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Engineering Ethics - Essay Example The suicide prevention devices develop the bridges’ and the skyscrapers’ ability to reduce suicide attempts. The engineers are required to perform their daily duties with excellent competence in order to scientifically manage and maintain rapid traffic flow from reducing by onlookers observing a suicide scene. Suicide scenes normally slow down traffic. Excellent competency in this area includes the compulsory duty of going out of one’s way to ensure the approval and acquisition of the suicide safety devices. Excellent competence includes the engineers’ required task of explaining the many benefits of purchasing the suicide prevention devices to the people having the financial ability to pay for the high-value suicide prevention devices.In addition, the engineers must issue statements in an objective and truthful manner; the engineers must state that the suicide prevention devices are needed for the company to prevent the further loss of lives as well as da mage to property. The engineers should convince the financial sponsors of the suicide prevention devices that the high cost of the suicide prevention devices is minimal compared to preventing the continued trespassing on the property. The engineers will convince the financial sponsors that the suicide prevention devices it would less costly to buy the suicide prevention devices compared to damages that will translate to damages on the bridges and other possible high places where a person can jump off to one’s immediate death.’s immediate death. The engineers should act in a professional manner for every employer or client and to avoid conflicts of interest. Professional manner includes informing the employer that the suicide prevention devices are compulsory equipment that will increase the use capacity of the bridges, roads, and other high buildings to reduce the suicide rate in the area. In addition, the