Classical Abbreviations for Authors and Their Works

There are certain standard abbreviations used in connection with the authors and their works in Classics. While I generally spell out the names and works of ancient authors, it is not always possible. Besides, youll find the abbreviations elsewhere. The following is a list of the ancient, non-Biblical writers and their works that you are likely to encounter during your study of Classics. Ill elaborate the first sets of abbreviations and a few throughout the list that might be puzzling. Aesch. Ag.: Aeschylus, AgamemnonThe author comes first; his work comes next, so this abbreviation means Aeschylus, a tragic playwright, wrote a tragedy called Agamemnon.Aesch. Eum.: Aeschylus, EumenidesAesch. Lib.: Aeschylus, Libation BearersAesch. PB: Aeschylus, Prometheus BoundAesch. Pers.: Aeschylus, PersiansAesch. Seven: Aeschylus, Seven Against ThebesAesch. Supp.: Aeschylus, Suppliant MaidensAeschin. 1: Aeschines, Against TimarchusAeschin. 2: Aeschines, On the EmbassyAeschin. 3: Aeschines, Against CtesiphonAmm.: Ammianus Marcellinus, Rerum GestarumAndoc. 1: Andocides, On the MysteriesAndoc. 2: Andocides, On his ReturnAndoc. 3: Andocides, On the PeaceAndoc. 4: Andocides, Against AlcibiadesAntiph. 1: Antiphon, Against the Stepmother for PoisoningAntiph. 2: Antiphon, First TetralogyAntiph. 3: Antiphon, Second TetralogyAntiph. 4: Antiphon, Third TetralogyAntiph. 5: Antiphon, On the murder of HerodesAntiph. 6: Antiphon, On the ChoreutesApollod.: Pseudo-Apollodorus, LibraryApollod. Ep it.: Pseudo-Apollodorus, EpitomeApollon.: Apollonius Rhodius, ArgonauticaNothing besides the Argonautica is attributed to Apollonius.App. BC: Appian, Civil WarsBC stands for bellum civile which means civil war.App. Gall.: Appian, Gallic HistoryApp. Hann.: Appian, Hannibalic WarApp. Hisp.: Appian, Wars in SpainApp. Ill.: Appian, Illyrian WarsApp. Ital.: Appian, ItalyApp. Mac.: Appian, Macedonian AffairsApp. Mith.: Appian, Mithridatic WarsApp. Praef.: Appian, PrefacePraef. is short for Praefatio which means preface.App. Pun.: Appian, Punic WarsApp. Reg.: Appian, KingsApp. Sam.: Appian, Samnite HistoryApp. Sic.: Appian, Sicily and the Other IslandsApp. Syr.: Appian, Syrian WarsAret. CA: Aretaeus, De curatione acutorum morborum libri duoAret. CD: Aretaeus, De curatione diuturnorum morborum libri duoAret. SA: Aretaeus, De causis et signis acutorum morborum (lib. 1)Aret. SD: Aretaeus, De causis et signis acutorum morborum (lib. 2)Aristoph. Ach.: Aristophanes, AcharniansAristoph. Birds: Ar istophanes, BirdsAristoph. Cl.: Aristophanes, CloudsAristoph. Eccl.: Aristophanes, EcclesiazusaeAristoph. Frogs: Aristophanes, FrogsAristoph. Kn.: Aristophanes, KnightsAristoph. Lys.: Aristophanes, LysistrataAristoph. Peace: Aristophanes, PeaceAristoph. Pl.: Aristophanes, PlutusAristoph. Thes.: Aristophanes, ThesmophoriazusaeAristoph. Wasps: Aristophanes, WaspsAristot. Ath. Pol.: Aristotle, Constitution of the AtheniansAristot. Const. Ath.: Aristotle, Constitution of the AtheniansAristot. Econ.: Aristotle, EconomicsAristot. Eud. Eth.: Aristotle, Eudemian EthicsAristot. Met.: Aristotle, MetaphysicsAristot. Nic. Eth.: Aristotle, Nicomachean EthicsAristot. Poet.: Aristotle, PoeticsAristot. Pol.: Aristotle, PoliticsAristot. Rh.: Aristotle, RhetoricAristot. Vir.: Aristotle, Virtues and VicesAug. Anc.: Augustus, Res GestaeThe name of the work by Augustus is given as both Monumentum Ancyranum and Res Gestae Divi Augusti.Aug. RG: Augustus, Res GestaeBacchyl. Dith.: Bacchylides, DithyrambsBa cchyl. Ep.: Bacchylides, EpiniciansBoe. Cons.: Boethius, Consolation of PhilosophyCaes. Civ.: Caesar, Civil WarCaes. Gal.: Caesar, Gallic WarCall. Ap.: Callimachus, Hymn to ApolloCall. Cer.: Callimachus, Hymn to DemeterCall. Del.: Callimachus, Hymn to DelosCall. Dem.: Callimachus, Hymn to DemeterCall. Dian.: Callimachus, Hymn to ArtemisCall. Epigr.: Callimachus, EpigramsCall. H. 1: Callimachus, Hymn to ZeusCall. H. 2: Callimachus, Hymn to ApolloCall. H. 3: Callimachus, Hymn to ArtemisCall. H. 4: Callimachus, Hymn to DelosCall. H. 5: Callimachus, Hymn to AthenaCall. H. 6: Callimachus, Hymn to DemeterCall. Jov.: Callimachus, Hymn to ZeusCall. Lav.: Callimachus, Hymn to AthenaCatul.: Catullus, PoemsCels.: A. Cornelius Celsus, De MedicinaCic. Ac.: Cicero, AcademicaCic. Agr.: Cicero, On the Agrarian LawCic. Amic.: Cicero, De AmicitiaCic. Arch.: Cicero, For ArchiasCic. Att.: Cicero, Letters to AtticusCic. Balb.: Cicero, For Cornelius BalbusCic. Caec.: Cicero, For Aulus CaecinaCic. Cael.: Cicero, For Marcus CaeliusCic. Catil.: Cicero, Against CatilineCic. Clu.: Cicero, For Aulus CluentiusCic. Deiot.: Cicero, For King DeiotariusCic. Div.: Cicero, De DivinationeCic. Div. Caec.: Cicero, Divinatio against Q. CaeciliusCic. Dom.: Cicero, On his HouseCic. Fam.: Cicero, Letters to his FriendsCic. Fat.: Cicero, De FatoCic. Fin.: Cicero, de Finibus Bonorum et MalorumCic. Flac.: Cicero, For FlaccusCic. Font.: Cicero, For Marcus FonteiusCic. Har.: Cicero, On the Responses of the HaruspicesCic. Leg.: Cicero, De LegibusCic. Lig.: Cicero, For LigariusCic. Luc.: Cicero, LucullusCic. Man.: Cicero, On Pompeys CommandCic. Marc.: Cicero, For MarcellusCic. Mil.: Cicero, For MiloCic. Mur.: Cicero, For Lucius MurenaCic. N.D.: Cicero, de Natura DeorumCic. Off.: Cicero, De OfficiisCic. Parad.: Cicero, Paradoxa StoicorumCic. Phil.: Cicero, PhilippicsCic. Pis.: Cicero, Against PisoCic. Planc.: Cicero, For PlanciusCic. Prov.: Cicero, On the Consular ProvincesCic. Q. Rosc.: Cicero, For Quintus R oscius the ActorCic. Q. fr.: Cicero, Letters to his brother QuintusCic. Quinct.: Cicero, For Publius QuinctiusCic. Rab. Perd.: Cicero, For Rabirius on a Charge of TreasonCic. Rab. Post.: Cicero, For Rabirius PostumusCic. Red. Pop.: Cicero, To the Citizens after his ReturnCic. Red. Sen.: Cicero, In the Senate after his ReturnCic. Rep.: Cicero, De RepublicaCic. S. Rosc.: Cicero, For Sextus Roscius of AmeriaCic. Scaur.: Cicero, For Aemilius ScaurusCic. Sen.: Cicero, De SenectuteCic. Sest.: Cicero, For SestiusCic. Sul.: Cicero, For SullaCic. Tul.: Cicero, For Marcus TulliusCic. Tusc.: Cicero, Tusculanae DisputationesCic. Vat.: Cicero, Against VatiniusCic. Ver.: Cicero, Against VerresCic. ad Brut.: Cicero, Letters to BrutusCic. de Orat.: Cicero, On OratoryD. L.: Diogenes Laertius, Vitae philosophorumDem. 1: Demosthenes, Olynthiac 1Dem. 10: Demosthenes, Philippic 4Dem. 11: Demosthenes, Reply to PhilipDem. 12: Demosthenes, PhilipDem. 13: Demosthenes, On OrganizationDem. 14: Demosthenes, On the NavyDem. 15: Demosthenes, On the Liberty of the RhodiansDem. 16: Demosthenes, For the MegalopolitansDem. 17: Demosthenes, On the Accession of AlexanderDem. 18: Demosthenes, On the CrownDem. 19: Demosthenes, On the False EmbassyDem. 2: Demosthenes, Olynthiac 2Dem. 20: Demosthenes, Against LeptinesDem. 21: Demosthenes, Against MidiasDem. 22: Demosthenes, Against AndrotionDem. 23: Demosthenes, Against AristocratesDem. 24: Demosthenes, Against TimocratesDem. 25: Demosthenes, Against Aristogiton 1Dem. 26: Demosthenes, Against Aristogiton 2Dem. 27: Demosthenes, Against Aphobus 1Dem. 28: Demosthenes, Against Aphobus 2Dem. 29: Demosthenes, Against AphobusDem. 3: Demosthenes, Olynthiac 3Dem. 30: Demosthenes, Against OntenorDem. 31: Demosthenes, Against OntenorDem. 32: Demosthenes, Against ZenothemisDem. 33: Demosthenes, Against ApatouriusDem. 34: Demosthenes, Against PhormioDem. 35: Demosthenes, Against LacritusDem. 36: Demosthenes, For PhormioDem. 37: Demosthenes, Against PantaenetusDe m. 38: Demosthenes, Against Nausimachus and XenopeithesDem. 39: Demosthenes, Against Boeotus 1Dem. 4: Demosthenes, Philippic 1Dem. 40: Demosthenes, Against Boeotus 2Dem. 41: Demosthenes, Against SpudiasDem. 42: Demosthenes, Against PhaenippusDem. 43: Demosthenes, Against MacartatusDem. 44: Demosthenes, Against LeocharesDem. 45: Demosthenes, Against Stephanus 1Dem. 46: Demosthenes, Against Stephanus 2Dem. 47: Demosthenes, Against Evergus and MnesibulusDem. 48: Demosthenes, Against OlympiodorusDem. 49: Demosthenes, Against TimotheusDem. 5: Demosthenes, On the PeaceDem. 50: Demosthenes, Against PolyclesDem. 51: Demosthenes, On the Trierarchic CrownDem. 52: Demosthenes, Against CallippusDem. 53: Demosthenes, Against NicostratusDem. 54: Demosthenes, Against CononDem. 55: Demosthenes, Against CalliclesDem. 56: Demosthenes, Against DionysodorusDem. 57: Demosthenes, Against EubulidesDem. 58: Demosthenes, Against TheocrinesDem. 59: Demosthenes, Against NeaeraDem. 6: Demosthenes, Philippic 2D em. 60: Demosthenes, Funeral SpeechDem. 61: Demosthenes, Erotic EssayDem. 7: Demosthenes, On the HalonnesusDem. 8: Demosthenes, On the ChersoneseDem. 9: Demosthenes, Philippic 3Dem. Ex.: Demosthenes, ExordiaDem. L.: Demosthenes, LettersDemad. 1: Demades, On the Twelve YearsDin. 1: Dinarchus, Against DemosthenesDin. 2: Dinarchus, Against AristogitonDin. 3: Dinarchus, Against PhiloclesDiod.: Diodorus, Historical LibraryEuc.: Euclid, ElementsEur. Alc.: Euripides, AlcestisEur. Andr.: Euripides, AndromacheEur. Ba.: Euripides, BacchaeEur. Cycl.: Euripides, CyclopsEur. El.: Euripides, ElectraEur. Hec.: Euripides, HecubaEur. Hel.: Euripides, HelenEur. Her.: Euripides, HeraclesEur. Heraclid.: Euripides, HeraclidaeEur. Hipp.: Euripides, HippolytusEur. IA: Euripides, Iphigeneia in AulisEur. IT: Euripides, Iphigeneia in TaurusEur. Ion: Euripides, IonEur. Med.: Euripides, MedeaEur. Orest.: Euripides, OrestesEur. Phoen.: Euripides, Phoenician WomenEur. Rh.: Euripides, RhesusEur. Supp.: Euripides, SuppliantsEur. Tro.: Euripides, Trojan WomenGal. Nat. Fac.: Galen, De naturalibus facultatibusGel.: Gellius, Noctes AtticaeHH 1: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 1 to DionysusHH 10: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 10 to AphroditeHH 11: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 11 to AthenaHH 12: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 12 to HeraHH 13: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 13 to DemeterHH 14: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 14 to the Mother of the GodsHH 15: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 15 to HeraclesHH 16: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 16 to AsclepiusHH 17: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 17 to the DioscuriHH 18: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 18 to HermesHH 19: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 19 to PanHH 2: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 2 to DemeterHH 20: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 20 to HephaestusHH 21: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 21 to ApolloHH 22: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 22 to PoseidonHH 23: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 23 to ZeusHH 24: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 24 to HestiaHH 25: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 25 to the Muses and ApolloHH 26: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 26 to DionysusHH 27: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 27 to ArtemisHH 28: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 28 to AthenaHH 29: H omeric Hymns, Hymn 29 to HestiaHH 3: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 3 to ApolloHH 30: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 30 to EarthHH 31: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 31 to HeliosHH 32: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 32 to SeleneHH 33: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 33 to the DioscuriHH 4: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 4 to HermesHH 5: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 5 to AphroditeHH 6: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 6 to AphroditeHH 7: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 7 to DionysusHH 8: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 8 to AresHH 9: Homeric Hymns, Hymn 9 to ArtemisHdt.: Herodotus, HistoriesHes. Sh.: Hesiod, Shield of HeraclesHes. Th.: Hesiod, TheogonyHes. WD: Hesiod, Works and DaysHirt. Gal.: Caesar, Gallic WarHom. Il.: Homer, IliadHom. Od.: Homer, OdysseyHor. Ars: Horace, Ars PoeticaHor. Carm.: Horace, OdesHor. S.: Horace, SatiresHp. Acut.: Hippocrates, De diaeta in morbis acutisHp. Acut. Sp.: Hippocrates, De diaeta acutorumHp. Aer.: Hippocrates, De aere aquis et locisHp. Alim.: Hippocrates, De alimentoHp. Aph.: Hippocrates, AphorismiHp. Art.: Hippocrates, De articulisHp. Epid.: Hippocrates, De morbis popularibusHp. Fist.: Hippocrates, De fistulisHp. Fract.: Hippocrates, De fracturisHp. Haem.: Hippocrates, De haemorrhoidibusHp. Jusj.: Hippocrates, JusjurandumHp. Lex: Hippocrates, LexHp. Mochl.: Hippocrates, VectiariusHp. Morb. Sacr.: Hippocrates, De morbo sacroHp. Off.: Hippocrates, De officina mediciHp. Praec.: Hippocrates, PraeceptionesHp. Prog.: Hippocrates, PrognosticonHp. Ulc.: Hippocrates, De ulceribusHp. VC: Hippocrates, De capitis vulneribusHp. VM: Hippocrates, De prisca medicinaHyp. 1: Hyperides, In Defence of LycophronHyp. 2: Hyperides, Against PhilippidesHyp. 3: Hyperides, Against AthenogenesHyp. 4: Hyperides, In Defence of EuxenippusHyp. 5: Hyperides, Against DemosthenesHyp. 6: Hyperides, Funeral OrationIsaeus 1: Isaeus, CleonymusIsaeus 10: Isaeus, AristarchusIsaeus 11: Isaeus, HagniasIsaeus 12: Isaeus, EuphiletusIsaeus 2: Isaeus, MeneclesIsaeus 3: Isaeus, PyrrhusIsaeus 4: Isaeus, NicostratusIsaeus 5: Isaeus, DicaeogenesIsaeus 6: Isaeus, PhiloctemonIsaeus 7: Isaeus, ApollodorusIsaeus 8: Isaeus, CironIsaeus 9: Isaeus, AstyphilusIsoc. 1: Isocrates, To DemonicusIsoc. 10: Isocrates, HelenIsoc. 11: Isocrates, BusirisIsoc. 12: Isocrates, PanathenaicusIsoc. 13: Isocrates, Against the SophistsIsoc. 14: Isocrates, PlataicusIsoc. 15: Isocrates, AntidosisIsoc. 16: Isocrates, On the team of horsesIsoc. 17: Isocrates, TrapeziticusIsoc. 18: Isocrates, Against CallimachusIsoc. 19: Isocrates, AegineticusIsoc. 2: Isocrates, To NicoclesIsoc. 20: Isocrates, Against LochitesIsoc. 21: Isocrates, Against EuthynusIsoc. 3: Isocrates, Nicocles or the CypriansIsoc. 4: Isocrates, PanegyricusIsoc. 5: Isocrates, To PhilipIsoc. 6: Isocrates, ArchidamusIsoc. 7: Isocrates, AreopagiticusIsoc. 8: Isocrates, On the PeaceIsoc. 9: Isocrates, EvagorasIsoc. L. 1: Isocrates, Ad DionysiumIsoc. L. 2: Isocrates, Ad PhilippumIsoc. L. 3: Isocrates, Ad PhilippumIsoc. L. 4: Isocrates, Ad AntipatrumIsoc. L. 5: Isocrates, Ad AlexandrumIsoc. L. 6: Isocrates, Ad filios JasonisIsoc. L. 7: Isocrates, Ad TimotheumIsoc. L. 8: Isocrates, Ad reges MytilenaeosIsoc. L. 9: Isocrates, Ad ArchidamumJ. AJ: Flavius Josephus, Jewish AntiquitiesJ. Ap.: Flavius Josephus, Against ApionJ. BJ: Flavius Josephus, The Jewish WarJ. Vit.: Flavius Josephus, Life of JosephusLSJ: Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English LexiconLiv. 1: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 1Liv. 10: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 10Liv. 11: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 11, SummaryLiv. 12: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 12, SummaryLiv. 13: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 13, SummaryLiv. 14: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 14, SummaryLiv. 15: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 15, SummaryLiv. 16: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 16, SummaryLiv. 17: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 17, SummaryLiv. 18: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 18, SummaryLiv. 19: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 19, SummaryLiv. 2: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 2Liv. 20: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 20, SummaryLiv. 21: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 21Liv. 22: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 22Liv. 23: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 23Liv. 24: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 24Liv. 25: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 25Liv. 26: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 26Liv. 27: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 27Liv. 28: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 28Liv. 29: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 29Liv. 3: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 3Liv. 30: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 30Liv. 31: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 31Liv. 32: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 32Liv. 33: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 33Liv. 34: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 34Liv. 35: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 35Liv. 36: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 36Liv. 37: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 37Liv. 38: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 38Liv. 39: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 39Liv. 4: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 4Liv. 40: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 40Liv. 41: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 41Liv. 42: Livy, The History of R ome, Book 42Liv. 43: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 43Liv. 44: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 44Liv. 45: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 45Liv. 5: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 5Liv. 6: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 6Liv. 7: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 7Liv. 8: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 8Liv. 9: Livy, The History of Rome, Book 9Liv. Frag.: Livy, The History of Rome, FragmentsLuc.: Lucan, Civil WarLucr.: Lucretius, De Rerum NaturaLyc. 1: Lycurgus, Against LeocratesLys. 1: Lysias, On the Murder of EratosthenesLys. 10: Lysias, Against Theomnestus 1Lys. 11: Lysias, Against Theomnestus 2Lys. 12: Lysias, Against EratosthenesLys. 13: Lysias, Against AgoratusLys. 14: Lysias, Against Alcibiades 1Lys. 15: Lysias, Against Alcibiades 2Lys. 16: Lysias, For MantitheusLys. 17: Lysias, On the Property of EratonLys. 18: Lysias, On the Confiscation of the Property of the Brother of NiciasLys. 19: Lysias, On the Property of AristophanesLys. 2: Lysias, Funeral OrationLys. 20: Lysias, Fo r PolystratusLys. 21: Lysias, Defence against a Charge of Taking BribesLys. 22: Lysias, Against the Corn DealersLys. 23: Lysias, Against PancleonLys. 24: Lysias, On the Refusal of a PensionLys. 25: Lysias, Defence against a Charge of subverting the DemocracyLys. 26: Lysias, On the Scrutiny of EvandrosLys. 27: Lysias, Against Epicrates and his Fellow EnvoysLys. 28: Lysias, Against ErgoclesLys. 29: Lysias, Against PhilocratesLys. 3: Lysias, Against SimonLys. 30: Lysias, Against NicomachusLys. 31: Lysias, Against PhilonLys. 32: Lysias, Against DiogeitonLys. 33: Lysias, Olympic OrationLys. 34: Lysias, Against the Subversion of the Ancestral Constitution of AthensLys. 4: Lysias, On a Wound by PremeditationLys. 5: Lysias, For CalliasLys. 6: Lysias, Against AndocidesLys. 7: Lysias, On the Olive StumpLys. 8: Lysias, Accusation of CalumnyLys. 9: Lysias, For the SoldierNep. Ag.: Cornelius Nepos, AgesilausNep. Alc.: Cornelius Nepos, AlcibiadesNep. Ar.: Cornelius Nepos, AristidesNep. Att.: Corn elius Nepos, AtticusNep. Ca.: Cornelius Nepos, CatoNep. Cha.: Cornelius Nepos, ChabriasNep. Cim.: Cornelius Nepos, CimonNep. Con.: Cornelius Nepos, CononNep. Dat.: Cornelius Nepos, DatamesNep. Di.: Cornelius Nepos, DionNep. Ep.: Cornelius Nepos, EpaminondasNep. Eum.: Cornelius Nepos, EumenesNep. Ham.: Cornelius Nepos, HamilcarNep. Han.: Cornelius Nepos, HannibalNep. Iph.: Cornelius Nepos, IphicratesNep. Lys.: Cornelius Nepos, LysanderNep. Milt.: Cornelius Nepos, MiltiadesNep. Paus.: Cornelius Nepos, PausaniasNep. Pel.: Cornelius Nepos, PelopidasNep. Phoc.: Cornelius Nepos, PhocionNep. Reg.: Cornelius Nepos, KingsNep. Them.: Cornelius Nepos, ThemistoclesNep. Thr.: Cornelius Nepos, ThrasybulusNep. Timol.: Cornelius Nepos, TimoleonNep. Timoth.: Cornelius Nepos, TimotheusOv. Am.: Ovid, AmoresOv. Ars: Ovid, Ars AmatoriaOv. Ep.: Ovid, EpistulaeOv. Ep. Sapph.: Ovid, EpistulaeOv. Med.: Ovid, Medicamina Faciei FemineaeOv. Met.: Ovid, MetamorphosesOv. Rem.: Ovid, Remedia AmorisPaus.: Pausania s, Description of GreecePetr.: Petronius, SatyriconPetr. Fr.: Petronius, FragmentsPetr. Poems: Petronius, PoemsPhaed.: Phaedrus, FablesPind. I.: Pindar, IsthmeanPind. N.: Pindar, NemeanPind. O.: Pindar, OlympianPind. P.: Pindar, PythianPl. Am.: Plautus, AmphitruoPl. As.: Plautus, AsinariaPl. Aul.: Plautus, AululariaPl. Bac.: Plautus, BacchidesPl. Capt.: Plautus, CaptiviPl. Cas.: Plautus, CasinaPl. Cist.: Plautus, CistellariaPl. Cur.: Plautus, CurculioPl. Epid.: Plautus, EpidicusPl. Men.: Plautus, MenaechmiPl. Mer.: Plautus, MercatorPl. Mil.: Plautus, Miles GloriosusPl. Mos.: Plautus, MostellariaPl. Per.: Plautus, PersaPl. Poen.: Plautus, PoenulusPl. Ps.: Plautus, PseudolusPl. Rud.: Plautus, RudensPl. St.: Plautus, StichusPl. Trin.: Plautus, TrinummusPl. Truc.: Plautus, TruculentusPl. Vid.: Plautus, VidulariaPlat. Alc. 1: Plato, Alcibiades 1Plat. Alc. 2: Plato, Alcibiades 2Plat. Apol.: Plato, ApologyPlat. Charm.: Plato, CharmidesPlat. Cleit.: Plato, CleitophonPlat. Crat.: Plato, Crat ylusPlat. Criti.: Plato, CritiasPlat. Crito: Plato, CritoPlat. Epin.: Plato, EpinomisPlat. Euthyd.: Plato, EuthydemusPlat. Euthyph.: Plato, EuthyphroPlat. Gorg.: Plato, GorgiasPlat. Hipp. Maj.: Plato, Greater HippiasPlat. Hipp. Min.: Plato, Lesser HippiasPlat. Hipparch.: Plato, HipparchusPlat. Ion: Plato, IonPlat. L.: Plato, LettersPlat. Lach.: Plato, LachesPlat. Laws: Plato, LawsPlat. Lovers: Plato, LoversPlat. Lysis: Plato, LysisPlat. Menex.: Plato, MenexenusPlat. Meno: Plato, MenoPlat. Minos: Plato, MinosPlat. Parm.: Plato, ParmenidesPlat. Phaedo: Plato, PhaedoPlat. Phaedrus: Plato, PhaedrusPlat. Phileb.: Plato, PhilebusPlat. Prot.: Plato, ProtagorasPlat. Rep.: Plato, RepublicPlat. Soph.: Plato, SophistPlat. Stat.: Plato, StatesmanPlat. Sym.: Plato, SymposiumPlat. Theaet.: Plato, TheaetetusPlat. Theag.: Plato, TheagesPlat. Tim.: Plato, TimaeusPlb.: Polybius, HistoriesPlin. Ep.: Pliny the Younger, EpistulaePlin. Nat.: Pliny the Elder, Naturalis HistoriaPlut. Aem.: Plutarch, Aemili us PaullusPlut. Ages.: Plutarch, AgesilausPlut. Agis: Plutarch, AgisPlut. Alc.: Plutarch, AlcibiadesPlut. Alex.: Plutarch, AlexanderPlut. Ant.: Plutarch, AntoniusPlut. Arat.: Plutarch, AratusPlut. Arist.: Plutarch, AristeidesPlut. Art.: Plutarch, ArtaxerxesPlut. Brut.: Plutarch, BrutusPlut. CG: Plutarch, Gaius GracchusPlut. Caes.: Plutarch, CaesarPlut. Cam.: Plutarch, CamillusPlut. Cat. Ma.: Plutarch, Marcus CatoPlut. Cat. Mi.: Plutarch, Cato MinorPlut. Cic.: Plutarch, CiceroPlut. Cim.: Plutarch, CimonPlut. Cleom.: Plutarch, CleomenesPlut. Comp. Ag. Gracch.: Plutarch, Comparison of Agis and Cleomenes and the GracchiPlut. Comp. Ages. Pomp.: Plutarch, Comparison of Agesilaus and PompeyPlut. Comp. Alc. Cor.: Plutarch, Comparison of Alcibiades and CoriolanusPlut. Comp. Aristid. Cat.: Plutarch, Comparison of Aristides with Marcus CatoPlut. Comp. Cim. Luc.: Plutarch, Comparison of Lucullus and CimonPlut. Comp. Dem. Cic.: Plutarch, Comparison of Demosthenes with CiceroPlut. Comp. Demetr. A nt.: Plutarch, Comparison of Demetrius and AntonyPlut. Comp. Dion. Brut.: Plutarch, Comparison of Dion and BrutusPlut. Comp. Eum. Sert.: Plutarch, Comparison of Sertorius and EumenesPlut. Comp. Lyc. Num.: Plutarch, Comparison of Lycurgus and NumaPlut. Comp. Lys. Sull.: Plutarch, Comparison of Lysander and SullaPlut. Comp. Nic. Crass.: Plutarch, Comparison of Nicias and CrassusPlut. Comp. Pel. Marc.: Plutarch, Comparison of Pelopidas and MarcellusPlut. Comp. Per. Fab.: Plutarch, Comparison of Pericles and Fabius MaximusPlut. Comp. Phil. Flam.: Plutarch, Comparison of Philopoemen and TitusPlut. Comp. Sol. Publ.: Plutarch, Comparison of Solon and PublicolaPlut. Comp. Thes. Rom.: Plutarch, Comparison of Theseus and RomulusPlut. Comp. Tim. Aem. : Plutarch, Comparison of Timoleon and AemiliusPlut. Cor.: Plutarch, Caius Marcius CoriolanusPlut. Crass.: Plutarch, CrassusPlut. Dem.: Plutarch, DemosthenesPlut. Demetr.: Plutarch, DemetriusPlut. Dio: Plutarch, DionPlut. Eum.: Plutarch, EumenesPl ut. Fab.: Plutarch, Fabius MaximusPlut. Flam.: Plutarch, Titus FlamininusPlut. Galb.: Plutarch, GalbaPlut. Luc.: Plutarch, LucullusPlut. Lyc.: Plutarch, LycurgusPlut. Lys.: Plutarch, LysanderPlut. Mar.: Plutarch, Caius MariusPlut. Marc.: Plutarch, MarcellusPlut. Nic.: Plutarch, NiciasPlut. Num.: Plutarch, NumaPlut. Oth.: Plutarch, OthoPlut. Pel.: Plutarch, PelopidasPlut. Per.: Plutarch, PericlesPlut. Phil.: Plutarch, PhilopoemenPlut. Phoc.: Plutarch, PhocionPlut. Pomp.: Plutarch, PompeyPlut. Publ.: Plutarch, PublicolaPlut. Pyrrh.: Plutarch, PyrrhusPlut. Rom.: Plutarch, RomulusPlut. Sert.: Plutarch, SertoriusPlut. Sol.: Plutarch, SolonPlut. Sull.: Plutarch, SullaPlut. TG: Plutarch, Tiberius GracchusPlut. Them.: Plutarch, ThemistoclesPlut. Thes.: Plutarch, TheseusPlut. Tim.: Plutarch, TimoleonProp.: Sextus Propertius, ElegiesPs. Xen. Const. Ath.: Old Oligarch, Constitution of the AtheniansQuint. Inst. 1: Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, Book 1Quint. Inst. 10: Quintilian, Institutio Or atoria, Book 10Quint. Inst. 11: Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, Book 11Quint. Inst. 12: Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, Book 12Quint. Inst. 2: Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, Book 2Quint. Inst. 3: Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, Book 3Quint. Inst. 4: Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, Book 4Quint. Inst. 5: Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, Book 5Quint. Inst. 6: Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, Book 6Quint. Inst. 7: Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, Book 7Quint. Inst. 8: Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, Book 8Quint. Inst. 9: Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, Book 9Quint. Inst. Pref.: Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, PrefaceSal. Cat.: Sallust, Catilinae ConiuratioSal. Hist.: Sallust, HistoriaeSal. Jug.: Sallust, Bellum IugurthinumSen. Ag.: Seneca, AgamemnonSen. Apoc.: Seneca, ApocolocyntosisSen. Ben.: Seneca, de BeneficiisSen. Brev. Vit.: Seneca, de Brevitate VitaeSen. Cl.: Seneca, de ClementiaSen. Cons. Helv.: Seneca, de consolatione ad HelviamSen. Cons. Marc.: Seneca, de consolatione ad MarciamSen. Cons. Polyb.: Seneca, de consolatione ad PolybiumSen. Cons. Sap.: Seneca, de ConstantiaSen. Const.: Seneca, de ConstantiaSen. Ep.: Seneca, EpistulaeSen. Her. F.: Seneca, Hercules FurensSen. Her. O.: Seneca, Hercules OetaeusSen. Ira: Seneca, de IraSen. Med.: Seneca, MedeaSen. Oct.: Seneca, OctaviaSen. Oed.: Seneca, OedipusSen. Ot. Sap.: Seneca, de Otio SapientisSen. Phaed.: Seneca, PhaedraSen. Phoen.: Seneca, PhoenissaeSen. Prov.: Seneca, de ProvidentiaSen. Thy.: Seneca, ThyestesSen. Tranq.: Seneca, de Tranquilitate AnimiSen. Tro.: Seneca, TroadesSen. Vit. Beat.: Seneca, de Vita BeataServ. A.: Servius, Commentary on the Aeneid of VergilSoph. Aj.: Sophocles, AjaxSoph. Ant.: Sophocles, AntigoneSoph. El.: Sophocles, ElectraSoph. Ich.: Sophocles, IchneutaeSoph. OC: Sophocles, Oedipus at ColonusSoph. OT: Sophocles, Oedipus TyrannusSoph. Phil.: Sophocles, PhiloctetesSoph. Trach.: Sophocles, TrachiniaeStrab.: Strabo, GeographySuet. Aug.: Suetonius, Divus AugustusSuet. Cal.: Suetonius, CaligulaSuet. Cl.: Suetonius, Divus ClaudiusSuet. Dom.: Suetonius, DomitianusSuet. Gal.: Suetonius, GalbaSuet. Jul.: Suetonius, Divus JuliusSuet. Nero: Suetonius, NeroSuet. Otho: Suetonius, OthoSuet. Tib.: Suetonius, TiberiusSuet. Tit.: Suetonius, Divus TitusSuet. Ves.: Suetonius, Divus VespasianusSuet. Vit.: Suetonius, VitelliusSulpicia: Sulpicia, PoemsTac. Ag.: Tacitus, AgricolaTac. Ann.: Tacitus, AnnalesTac. Dial.: Tacitus, DialogusTac. Ger.: Tacitus, GermaniaTac. Hist.: Tacitus, HistoriaeTer. Ad.: Terence, The BrothersTer. An.: Terence, AndriaTer. Eu.: Terence, The EunuchTer. Hau.: Terence, The Self-TormenterTer. Hec.: Terence, The Mother-in-LawTer. Ph.: Terence, PhormioTheoc.: Theocritus, IdyllsTheoc. Ep.: Theocritus, EpigramsTheoc. Id.: Theocritus, IdyllsThphr. Char.: Theophrastus, CharactersThuc.: Thucydides, HistoriesV. Fl.: C. Valerius Flaccus, ArgonauticaVerg. A.: Vergil, AeneidVerg. Ecl.: Vergil, EcloguesVerg. G.: Vergil, GeorgicsVitr.: Vitruvius, On Architectu reXen. Ages.: Xenophon, AgesilausXen. Anab.: Xenophon, AnabasisXen. Apol.: Xenophon, ApologyXen. Cav.: Xenophon, On the Cavalry CommanderXen. Const. Lac.: Xenophon, Constitution of the LacedaimoniansXen. Cyrop.: Xenophon, CyropaediaXen. Ec.: Xenophon, EconomicsXen. Hell.: Xenophon, HellenicaXen. Hiero: Xenophon, HieroXen. Horse.: Xenophon, On the Art of HorsemanshipXen. Hunt.: Xenophon, On HuntingXen. Mem.: Xenophon, MemorabiliaXen. Sym.: Xenophon, SymposiumXen. Ways: Xenophon, Ways and Means Source: Perseus.

One Small Pill for Womankind One Big Dose for the U.S.

Gregory Goodwin Pincus created the birth control pill stimulating a new tidal wave of women’s rights movements. From one small pill, new channels that were once dammed to a trickle became a mighty flood again. With the ability to prevent pregnancy without risking a dangerous abortion women found the strength to fight against male-dominated areas that were still left untouched from the first series of movements by their predecessors. From how long they were involved in the workforce to stepping up for their rights and changing laws, women came alive with a renewed ferocity with just one small pill. Once the pill, a reliable option, to prevent pregnancy was there women took hold of it in massive numbers. In 1957 the pill was approved â€Å"for†¦show more content†¦Without the chance of pregnancy, they made the change to go back to work. These effects are seen in the numbers by the recorded percentile change in women within the workforce from 1960 to 1970. In 1960, wome n working during childbearing years (25-34) rose an entire two percent, working through the rearing years (35-44) increased by 4.3 and the women returning work after motherhood (45-54) swelled to twelve percent (â€Å"Labor Force†). These were significant changes but the one’s that came with the pill when it was deemed safer were even more extraordinary from 1970 to 1980. In 1970, close to half of women (45%) were working through the time that was deemed fit for matrimony and birth with only 6.3 percent leaving the workforce (â€Å"Labor Force†). Even though after twenty years in 1980 there were still approximately a twenty and thirty percent difference between men and women in the workplace it was still an amazing different to the fifty and sixty percent difference in the 1950s (â€Å"Labor Force†). From 1950 to the late 1960s it was a fact that women and the workplace met in few places, for only a brief time and very rarely in the general public eye. I f seen in

Handle Patient Always Complains About Painâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: How Would You Handle A Patient Who Always Complains About Pain? Answer: Introducation Caring is an essential part of nursing, and this is the primary reason why most of the managers would prefer to hear from the applicant how they are prepared to handle and take care of the patient and as thus the manager who is also the interviewer can evaluate the attitude of the nurse towards the patients. Therefore, I believe my presentation will matter a lot to the panelist, and thus these are some of the things that were going to put into consideration. For such case, I will employ Bains Rs of Responding, Reporting, Relating, Reasoning and Reconstructing as explicated in this work. I will talk about my values; this includes critical description of my personality and my attitude towards the patients. I am always passionate and have the desire to effect positive changes in the patients life. Some of the incredible values that I do possess is being passionate in taking good care of the patient (Sparadeo, 2017). My positive attitude to the patients is also in tandem with my vision o f moving along with the patient to know how they are faring on even after being discharged from the hospital. I will always stick to the set regulation and code of ethics that centers on my progression by ng myself in a professionally carrying myself and the one which is readily available to attend to the patients at any time of the day. Moreover, I would create a friendly environment where I would be able to attend to them by giving the patients the necessary care that they deserve. On the same note, these patients need personalized attention and thus will be available at all times to get their views and able to handle them healthily. It is incumbent to note that most patient does prefer someone who would lend them their ears to realize some of the interesting issues that are of much concern to their lives (Cobussen?Boekhorst, Hermeling, Heesakkers Gaal, 2016). I will give my patient ample time and try to build the proper rapport with the patients for them to feel affiliated and get that opportunity to disclose some of the issues that psychologically disturbs and thereby inhibiting their bid to recover well. The patient is always my primary focus, and I will do all that it takes to make sure that I dispense my service diligently. I will firmly be bonded to the patients to aid them at the time of emergencies or when the need arises (Smith, Rhodes, Paciotti, Kelly, Perrone Meisel, 2015). My compassionate nature would allow me to be closer to the patient and ready to serve at all time and mostly those moments that my care is most needed. Patients value confidentiality and as such, once they confide to me anything I will keep it to myself and try to aid them in all possible ways well taken care (Meeus, Nijs, Van Wilgen, Noten, Goubert Huijnen, 2016). In the ideal situation, there are some of the patients who tend overreacting about their illness. I will use my expertise and experience in nursing to be compassionate and calm them down rather than raising the Business. By so doing, I will give this patient ample time to air out all her issues with the intent of aiding them to recover from that depression moments. The most significant thing in nursing is the dedication and loving your work. Having the great passion for this field as I chose it wholeheartedly, I believe I am the right person to deal with the patients of all kinds. I have different approaches that I may devise in the bid of aiding them in their situation (Van Dijk, Vervoort, Van Wijck, Kalkman Schuurmans, 2016). Similarly, I will be in constant communication with the concerned doctor discussing the condition of the patient to have a clear picture of how to be aided through examining the severity of their status. Moreover, I will reassure them of my support and care at all time and thereby get rid of the panicky state. I will realize this by being attentive to the patient and reassuring them of no need to panic as the situation under control from both the doctors and nurses around them. The approaches as mentioned above are critical when dealing with the patient who always complains about pain since it makes them feel home in the health care sector knowing that there are people who do care for them and who would see them recovering well (Weijenborg ter Kuile, 2017). Additionally, such patients need close company and thus a nurse ought to tend to them frequently confirming their progress on a regular basis to ascertain that the patient is in good condition. References Cobussen?Boekhorst, H., Hermeling, E., Heesakkers, J., Gaal, B. (2016). Patients experience with intermittent catheterisation in everyday life.Journal of clinical nursing,25(9-10), 1253-1261. Meeus, M., Nijs, J., Van Wilgen, P., Noten, S., Goubert, D., Huijnen, I. (2016). Moving on to movement in patients with chronic joint pain.PAIN,1. Smith, R. J., Rhodes, K., Paciotti, B., Kelly, S., Perrone, J., Meisel, Z. F. (2015). Patient perspectives of acute pain management in the era of the opioid epidemic.Annals of emergency medicine,66(3), 246-252. Sparadeo, F. R. (2017). Pain in the Addiction Rehabilitation Patient. InComprehensive Pain Management in the Rehabilitation Patient(pp. 195-205). Springer International Publishing. Van Dijk, J. F., Vervoort, S. C., Van Wijck, A. J., Kalkman, C. J., Schuurmans, M. J. (2016). Postoperative patients perspectives on rating pain: a qualitative study.International journal of nursing studies,53, 260-269. Weijenborg, P. T. M., ter Kuile, M. M. (2017). A Woman Who Suffers Always and Forever: Management of Chronic Pelvic Pain. InBio-Psycho-Social Obstetrics and Gynecology(pp. 199-215). Springer International Publishing.

The Purpose of Schooling and the Role of School Leaders

Very soon, the schools in Australia will enjoy the freedom of governing themselves in the sense that they will get the opportunity to make their own decisions. This will be in administration and the Australian federal Labor government heavily backs all this.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Purpose of Schooling and the Role of School Leaders specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This came about after a lot of reassure from the National education agenda that pushed for the major reforms in schools. Each school will hold its own mandate to develop its own councils and even devolution of funds within the institution and come up with ways to harness declining performance in some students and boost the performance of others. The issue of liberating the school administration and letting them govern themselves is still a topic of discussion and heavy debate. There is an argument that, as much as the government seems to ha ve completely removed itself from the normal running of the schools it still has a major role to play in them. For example, the government still has a role in making some initiatives and reforms for schools but the bureaucracy has been broken down to mask the entire issue. The government in most schools will still establish their own constraints and limits that the school should work on if they want continuous flow of funds from the government. Schools do not really require involving themselves in the role of decision making, as they should ponder more the performance of the student rather than the competition among its industry and even materialization of fund in most cases. The parents also have a part to play in ensuring that the schools have an authentic touch. The teachers in the Capita territory discovered the school-based model in 1967 in Australia in order to counter the bureaucratic model. This form of model has encouraged the schools to be more open and include the parents in the community in decision-making. The role can either be to offer expertise advice or even contribute ideas and help establish something in the school. Involving the communities from around and helping form partnership will go a long way in helping communication of people. This will hence boost confidence among the students and the people of the community and eventually form the basis of trust, which is paramount in working towards certain goals and even coming up with comprehensive plans for the school’s effective management.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The structure and running of school’s differ and hence the strategic plans for the various schools are different because the students, teachers and the staff at large are not the same in all schools. The strategic plan should reflect the uniqueness and diversity of the students, staff and teachers, as it should l ook at the strengths and abilities of the stakeholders of this particular institution. The Australian Federal Labour Government can make efforts to empower the schools only if the schools approve to adhere to a set agenda by the government and the government keeps the schools wrapped around their little finger by controlling their funds depending to how well they can adhere to the already set policies. The standardised format set by the government may be unavoidable as we sometimes find that teachers cover a certain syllabus quickly and omit other necessary point that could be useful to the student all in the name of adhering to the rules and policies. This essay on The Purpose of Schooling and the Role of School Leaders was written and submitted by user Lexi House to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.